不同兼业程度农户耕地利用行为及其效率研究——基于甘肃、青海两省部分市县的实证分析

运用农户模型构建兼业对耕地利用行为及其效率的分析框架,在分离性成立的前提下,以农户调研数据为基础,利用分组比较、数据包络等方法分析不同兼业类型农户之间的耕地利用行为和效率的差异。研究结果表明:兼业类型对农户耕地利用方式和行为选择有显著的影响,不同类型农户的投入、管理行为和土地规模存在较大差异。总体来说,兼业农户的资本投入、劳动投入等高于纯农户,在兼业户中兼业户Ⅱ高于兼业户Ⅰ;不同的耕地利用行为又导致了耕地利用效率的差异,在分离性成立的条件下,数据包络分析计算出的技术效率表现为纯农户大于兼业户Ⅰ,且两者均大于兼业户Ⅱ。     

脱钩收入补贴对粮食生产率的影响——基于农户收入差异的视角

本文使用2009—2014年全国农村固定观察点的微观农户数据所组成的面板数据,以小麦为例,分析了河南省小麦生产技术效率和小麦全要素生产率,使用Ⅳ-Tobit模型分析了脱钩收入补贴对不同收入水平下农户小麦生产率的影响。研究发现,2009—2014年,高收入组的小麦生产技术效率值高于低收入组的小麦生产技术效率值,而低收入组的小麦全要素生产率GM L指数值高于高收入组的小麦全要素生产率GML指数值;高收入农户的技术进步对小麦全要素生产率的增长贡献更大,而低收入农户的小麦生产要素投入贡献大;脱钩收入补贴对低收入农户的效用更大,可以缓解低收入农户的生产约束;脱钩收入补贴对促进小麦全要素生产率的作用不明显;脱钩收入补贴对小麦生产技术效率影响的差异在减小。     

农户兼业与“两型农业”技术采用意愿研究*——以病虫害绿色防治技术为例

[目的]以农户兼业为视角,探讨不同兼业类型的农户"两型农业"技术采用意愿及其影响因素,为提高农户"两型农业"技术采用意愿,推动农业绿色发展提供政策参考。[方法]利用湖北省农户调查数据,以病虫害绿色防治技术为例,比较了不同兼业类型的农户"两型农业"技术采用的意愿差异,运用Binary Logistic回归模型探讨了影响不同兼业类型农户"两型农业"技术采用意愿的关键因素。[结果](1)多数农户对"两型农业"技术有采用意愿,其中采用意愿最高的为二兼农户,其次为一兼农户,纯农户采用意愿最低;(2)影响不同兼业类型农户采用意愿的共同因素主要集中在两方面,感知有用性方面对各类型兼业农户均有十分显著的正向影响;感知易用性方面对各类型兼业农户均有显著的负向影响;(3)影响不同兼业类型农户对"两型农业"技术采用意愿的因素有明显差异,劳动力占比、种植面积、农药使用频率、较容易获得农业技术信息均对纯农户采用意愿有负向影响;性别和农药使用频率分别对一兼农户有负向和正向影响;文化程度、种植面积、家庭年纯收入和农药使用费用均对二兼农户有显著的正向影响。[结论]可通过加大"两型农业"宣传推广力度、增强政策支持和技术推广补贴力度、适度发展规模化经营等方式以提高农户对"两型农业"的认知和采用意愿,促进农业绿色发展。     

贫困山区不同生计策略类型脱贫农户生计风险识别与评估

[目的]尽管2020年后我国已经全面脱贫,但脱贫农户仍然面临自然、市场、政策等多重生计风险冲击,非常容易再次掉入贫困陷阱。识别与评估贫困山区不同生计策略类型脱贫农户生计风险,为政府更好地制定相关政策,巩固脱贫成果提供实证依据,具有必要性和现实意义。[方法]文章以武陵山连片特困地区的768户脱贫农户调查问卷为样本数据,运用ESI为综合评价指数,识别与评估不同生计策略类型脱贫农户的生计风险。[结果]（1）样本区农业兼业型脱贫农户的户主平均年龄最大、家庭规模最小、劳动力数量最少、受教育程度相对最低;非农业兼业型脱贫农户的家庭规模最大;纯农型脱贫农户的家庭劳动力数量最多,且劳动力受教育程度相对最高。（2）不同生计策略类型脱贫的生计风险总值依次是纯农型>农业兼业型>非农业兼业型>非农业型,呈现出兼业程度越高,生计风险越小的特征;纯农型是所有类型脱贫农户中最脆弱的群体,生计风险和返贫风险都最大。[结论]当地政府一方面应积极帮助脱贫农户增强非农生计的能力;另一方面应完善农业生产配套设施,营造良好的外部基础设施环境,引导脱贫农户寻求适合自身资源的产业发展方式,提高其兼业水平和兼业质量...     

SLA框架下生计资本影响山区农户分化的机理与实证研究以广西山区农户为例

目的 基于可持续生计分析（SLA）框架,对生计资本影响山区农户分化进行深入研究,为职业分化背景下促进农户多渠道创收以及实现山区乡村振兴提供参考。方法 文章运用比较分析法、多值选择模型,以广西山区的540家农户为研究对象,探讨农户职业分化的影响因素。结果 研究结果表明,社会资本有助于纯农户与非农农户向以农为主的兼业农户分化;自然资本丰裕更能吸引农户向纯农户或以农为主的兼业分化;增加金融资本有助于兼业农户专注于农业生产,也促使非农经营主体投身于农业经营;物质资本影响农户向纯农户或以非农为主的兼业农户转变;拥有自身务工经历的农民更易于选择以农为主的兼业形态,对农民进行农业技术培训因提升其农业生产经营能力从而有助于他们投身于农业生产;生计资本影响农户分化的程度因距离中心市场的远近而存在差异。结论 生计资本影响农户向不同类型的职业进行分化,应从鼓励农户兼业化实现收入多元化以及鼓励乡村精英返乡创业的视角,适应不同类型农户分化需要,为调整农户生计资本,维持生计可持续性提供必要的决策支持和政策保障。     

粮食直接补贴对不同经营规模农户小麦生产率的影响——基于全国农村固定观察点农户数据

本文使用2003~2014年全国农村固定观察点河南省样本农户数据所组成的面板数据,选用EBM模型和GML指数分析了2009~2014年河南省小麦生产技术效率和小麦全要素生产率,然后将小麦全要素生产率进行了要素分解,使用相关工具变量和2SLS方法分析了粮食直接补贴对不同经营规模农户小麦生产率的影响。本文研究发现:2009~2014年,河南省小麦生产存在规模效应,而小麦全要素生产率进一步增长,要素投入增加是其小麦全要素生产率增长的主要原因;粮食直接补贴对农户的小麦生产技术效率具有积极作用,而对经营规模为6亩以上农户的小麦全要素生产率作用不大;从粮食直接补贴对小麦全要素生产率的各贡献因素的影响看,粮食直接补贴能促进经营规模为0~6亩农户的人力资本增长率和经营规模为6亩以上农户的要素投入增长率,但是,这些影响不足以促进小麦全要素生产率的提高。     

不同兼业程度下的农户土地流转意愿研究——基于浙江的调查与实证

本文运用有序多分类Logistic回归分析法对不同兼业程度农户的土地流转意愿及其影响因素予以实证分析。结果表明,不同兼业程度农户土地流转意愿存在显著差异,纯农户流入意愿和二兼农户流出意愿相对较强;户主年龄和社会养老保险是影响兼业农户土地流转意愿的决定性因素,其并没有因兼业水平不同而表现差异;农业生产服务体系在一定程度上降低了兼业农户土地流转意愿,但不同兼业程度农户注重的服务项目有所差异;家庭土地经营规模和被雇务农收入对纯农户流转意愿具有一定影响,而兼业用工量所占比重则对一兼农户意愿影响显著;影响二兼农户流转意愿的因素相对较多,主要包括婚姻、农用固定资产存量、年生活开销、土地流转制度规定及被雇务农收入。     

辽宁省农户兼业投资问题研究

辽宁省农户兼业投资问题研究王青张玉清一、辽宁省农户兼业投资行为长期存在的必然性在对农户兼业投资问题进行研究时,首先应当选择一个参照系,以便对比,这个参照系就是农户非兼业投资的实际结果,也就是说,非兼业投资包括两种情况,一是纯农业投资,二是纯非农业投资...     

耕地细碎化对粮食生产技术效率的非线性影响研究——基于农户兼业的中介效应分析

目的 理清耕地细碎化对粮食生产技术效率的非线性影响及其作用机制,对提高粮食产量、保障中国粮食安全具有重要意义。方法 文章基于陕西省603户农户的实地调研数据,运用数据包络分析模型（DEA）测算了农户粮食生产技术效率,借助Tobit模型分析了耕地细碎化对粮食生产技术效率的非线性影响,并进一步运用中介效应模型探讨了农户兼业在其中的中介作用。结果 （1）调研地区全体农户的平均粮食生产技术效率值偏低且分化严重;（2）耕地细碎化对粮食生产技术效率影响呈现弱显著的倒U型关系;（3）农户兼业程度对粮食生产技术效率影响的总效应呈现显著的U型关系;（4）农户兼业在耕地细碎化对粮食生产技术效率的影响中发挥了部分中介效应。结论 （1）多管齐下解决耕地细碎化问题,推行适度规模经营;（2）依托个体农户特征差异,针对性引导农户职业合理分化。     

论农户兼业化与土地可持续利用

自上世纪 70年代末我国农村实行家庭联产承包责任制以来 ,家庭成为独立的生产经营主体 ,拥有了较多的生产经营自主权 ,兼业化这一问题也随之产生了。本文拟就农户兼业化与土地可持续利用的问题进行探讨。一、农户兼业化与土地可持续利用的内涵1 兼业农户的界定。兼业农户是相对纯农户 (只从事农业生产的农户 )而言的 ,它是指农户作为一个生产经营单位既从事农业 ,又从事农外活动的多元化的经营活动方式。兼业农户的界定包括界定的对象和界定的标准。界定的对象一种是将农场主作为定义的对象 ;另一种是将整个农场 (或农户 )作为定义的对象。…     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.