中国人力资本存量结构的统计描述

介绍了国内外学者用来测度人力资本存量结构的指标,利用中国30个省区1990～2006年数据,描述了中国人力资本存量结构历年的情况及统计变化规律。随着中国平均受教育年限的逐渐加长,人力资本结构存量逐步得到改善,人力资本存量数量和结构总水平得到提升。但中国人力资本地区分布和城乡分布不均衡,各省区内部及城市内部人力资本不平等现象尤其突出。     

我国现阶段个人收入分配差距扩大化趋势:理论分析与对策选择

我国现阶段的个人收入分配差距很大 ,且有不断扩大的趋势。运用现代个人收入分配理论对这一现象进行分析发现 ,人力资本投资差异、机会不平等和社会再分配政策等因素都将影响个人收入分配差距的扩大。因此 ,为缩小我国现阶段个人收入分配上的差异 ,提出了要大力发展经济 ,发展教育事业 ,加强对个人收入分配中的初次分配和再分配过程的宏观调控等对策建议     

上海市人力资本存量测算与分析

本文选取八个人力资本的指标体系综合评价上海市人力资本存量．利用主成分分析方法进行测算．分析出上海市人力资本的存量逐年增加，人力资本的存量与每万人大专以上人数有很高的相关性．且人力资本的存量可以用受教育年限简单的衡量。为上海市人力资源现状的分析提供一些定量参考，并对人力资本方面的未来发展方向提出了可行性建议。     

人力资本生命周期与教育需求

本文首先从人力资本存量特性和质量特性分析入手 ,揭示了人力资本生命周期及其演变 ,然后在此基础上分析了人力资本生命周期演变对教育需求的影响。结果表明 :人力资本生命周期实际上表现为人力资本存量生命周期和人力资本质量生命周期 ;人力资本存量生命周期和质量生命周期在不同经济形态下表现出一定的变化规律 ,这些规律反映在人力资本存量生命周期上为 0—T0 期即快速增长期以及T0 —T1期即缓慢增长期都在逐渐延长 ;而反映在人力资本质量生命周期上则为周期的不断缩短。由此导致了人们对教育的需求增加 ,具体表现为受教育年限增长 ,能高效率地接受教育的年龄段后移 ,所需教育由单一结构型向复合型方向发展。     

对人力资本配置问题的研究意义探讨

人力资本对经济发展的推动作用取决于人力资本的存量及有效配置,我国是一个人力资本存量相对匮乏的国家,实现人力资本的有效配置,提高人力资本的利用率尤为重要。文章综述了国内外对人力资本配置问题的研究现状,概括了人力资本的有效配置对我国的经济发展、就业、产业结构调整、区域均衡发展等的重要意义。     

农村剩余劳动力转移的影响因素分析——基于江苏省数据的经验研究

基于托达罗模型,构建了经济计量模型,并结合江苏省的数据,运用协整理论探讨了农村剩余劳动力转移的长期影响因素。结果表明,预期城乡收入差距、人力资本存量和二三产业占GDP比重与农村剩余劳动力转移之间存在着长期稳定的关系。预期收入差距和人力资本存量对劳动力转移的影响较大。     

劳动地理集中、产业空间与地区收入差距

本文基于新经济地理学模型,采用中国1990年、2000年和2007年的普查数据计算了31个省市的劳动集中度,并以此解释产业空间和地区收入差距的发展变化.文章发现:(1)人力资本集中是产业集聚形成的重要因素,人力资本集中度上升会提高地区的收入水平;(2)各省市的人力资本分布不均衡并有可能导致地区收入差距的进一步扩大.本文认为,人力资本存量差异是地区收入差距拉大的重要原因,促进劳动力充分流动、加快推进城市化建设是有效的应对之策.     

人力资本影响我国出口商品结构的实证分析

从人力资本角度出发,在阐述人力资本影响出口商品结构机理的基础上,利用我国1980—2007年的从业人口受教育年限和工业制成品出口分类的数据,运用协整分析和格兰杰因果检验,分析了我国人力资本存量与出口商品结构的关系。实证结果表明,人力资本存量的增加对出口商品结构优化有着长期稳定的促进作用。根据以上结论,进一步探讨相关的政策建议。     

基于平均受教育年限的我国地区经济生产函数研究

在定量测度人力资本对地区经济增长的贡献时，选取何种代理变量来度量人力资本存量构建相应的地区经济生产函数，并据此对我国各地区过去若干年的产出增长作出有效解释，是该领域研究中的难点。针对上述问题，拟采取全部就业人员的受教育平均年限来再现人力资本存量，进而解释1996-2010年间我国各地区的产出增长。研究结果表明，就业人口的平均受教育年限作为均值可以用来反映部分省份人力资本存量，对就业人口受教育年限的分布状况可作进一步分析。     

中国省际人力资本的核算：1987—2003

近年来,人力资本被广泛地应用于对经济增长的解释,人力资本存量的度量也越来越受到关注。度量人力资本有很多指标,文章采用15-64岁人口的平均受教育年限来代表人力资本存量,得出了我国1987-2003年省际人力资本存量的一个时间序列。结果显示,在分析周期内,我国人力资本存量总体上呈缓慢上升的趋势,1999年以后的下降是我国人口政策的结果。     

A Case Against Zero Capital-Income Taxation

This paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium model to investigate the optimal level of capital income taxation in light of stochastic endogenous economic growth. Although endogenous human capital is incorporated into our model, we restrict our investigation to the issue of optimal physical capital income tax; and the labor supply is also endogenously determined. This paper proves that the optimal capital income tax should be zero provided exogenous government expenditure on production; however, capital income should be taxed if we consider endogenous government consumption.     

中国城乡居民收入的决定因素分析

利用课题组于2010年年初在全国29个省市区对2009年居民收入抽样问卷的调查数据,研究了不同因素对我国城乡居民收入回报的影响。研究发现,拥有良好的健康状况和较高的教育水平等人力资本,将能获得较高的收入回报;无论是城市还是农村,拥有党员或干部身份等政治资本,将能获得较高的收入回报;城市垄断行业收入高于竞争性行业,就业单位所有制性质不同,对收入回报的影响较大;农村劳动力外出务工为农村家庭带来了较高的收入。     

Effective factor endowments, trade openness and income distribution in China

This paper studies the empirical relationship among factor endowment, trade openness and individual income distribution. Using panel data, we show that factor endowment characters, to some extent, explains income gap in China. First, land and Capital intensive provinces have a more equal income distribution while human capital and labor-intensive provinces have a less equal income distribution. Second, Trade openness has a significant effect on China’s income distribution; the interaction between a special endowment and openness has different effect on income distribution; we also show that FDI, economy development, unemployment and reform have considerable negative effect on income distribution. Our results are robust to various kinds of test.     

Human capital, inequality, endogenous growth and educational subsidy: A theoretical analysis

This paper develops an endogenous growth model with dualism in human capital accumulation of two types of individuals. The government imposes a proportional income tax on rich individuals and uses the tax revenue to finance the educational subsidy given to poor individuals. We find out the properties of the optimal tax financed educational subsidy policy in the semi-stationary equilibrium of the model using the technique of Stackelberg differential game.     

The effects of corruption on the human capital accumulation process: Evidence from Vietnam

This study aims to identify the effects of corruption on the human capital accumulation process in Vietnamese provinces/cities. I employ labour quality assessments of firms as a proxy for human capital and divide human capital accumulation into the following two processes: an educational process and a process through which educational outcomes and worker training transform into labour quality. The estimation results have some notable implications for the Vietnamese context. Corruption has both negative and positive effects on human capital. On the one hand, corruption reduces the positive effect of local government spending on educational achievements and worsens labour quality. On the other hand, the prevalence of corruption in provinces/cities increases the advantages of local schools in the competition to obtain funds from the central government; hence, corruption enhances educational achievements in those regions. The results of this study indicate that corruption adversely affects human capital overall.     

要素生产率和要素配置作用下的中国城乡收入差距

根据城乡生产函数差异的特征事实构建了城乡收入差距模型,利用我国各省1997—2009年数据研究城乡劳动力比、固定资产比、人力资本比、农业中间品投入、工业化和第三产业规模对城乡收入差距的影响。结果显示,我国城乡要素生产率与城乡要素配置的差异对城乡收入差距具有决定性作用;城乡劳动力比的增长明显有助于缩小城乡收入差距,而城乡人力资本比、固定资本投入比、农业成本、以及相邻地区间的相关性都导致了城乡收入差距的扩大。缩小城乡差距的重要途径是加快农村劳动力的城市化、增加农村教育投入、提高农业生产率、增加农村的物质资本投入,各省缩小城乡收入差距的努力对邻近省份也会产生积极影响。     

我国人力资本参与企业收益分配的制度分析

本文认为静态地、抽象地分析企业中人力资本所有权和物质资本所有权谁占支配地位抑或平等是没有意义的。在企业中，人力资本个人收益与企业的总体收益有不同的取向，而非简单地转换。人力资本需要“自己给自己定价”，即靠自身的才干、贡献大小通过有效的机制确定自己从企业收益和剩余收益中分割的多少。因此，设计能够释放人力资本能动性的产权制度和企业治理结构，是中国企业缩小与国外的劳动生产率差距、提高竞争力、加快创新的必然要求。     

On the marginal excess burden of taxation in an overlapping generations model

We extend marginal excess burden (MEB) analysis in public finance literature to a dynamic general equilibrium model with incomplete markets and heterogeneous households. This extension allows us to quantitatively assess efficiency ranking and incidence of taxes. Our results indicate a disparity in welfare cost and distributional consequence of different forms of taxation on capital, labor and consumption. According to our MEB ranking, capital income taxation appears to be least efficient as it results in larger marginal excess burdens, compared to labor income tax and consumption tax. The tax incidence analysis shows variation of tax burdens across households, depending on their age, income type and generation. In particular, older households with higher income bear the highest burden of company income tax; meanwhile, future born households bear the highest burden of personal income tax. Hence, our MEB analysis demonstrates a fruitful approach to better understanding efficiency and incidence of tax reforms in one unified framework.     

Institutional Quality Mediates the Effect of Human Capital on Economic Performance

This paper considers the relationship between institutional quality, educational outcomes, and economic performance. More specifically, we seek to establish the linkages by which government effectiveness affects per capita income via its mediating impact on human capital formation. Our empirical approach adopts a two‐stage strategy that estimates national‐level educational production functions that include government effectiveness as a covariate, and uses these estimates as instruments for human capital in cross‐country regressions of per capita income. Our results identify a significant and positive effect of human capital on per capita income levels, and partially resolves the inconsistency between macro‐ and micro‐level studies of the effect of human capital on income. The results remain robust to alternative specifications, extension to a panel setting, subsamples of the data and fully endogenous institutions.     

ICT Use in the Developing World: An Analysis of Differences in Computer and Internet Penetration

Using panel data for 161 countries, we explore the determinants of cross-country disparities in personal computer and Internet penetration. We find evidence indicating that income, human capital, the youth dependency ratio, telephone density, legal quality, and banking sector development are associated with technology penetration rates. Estimates from Blinder–Oaxaca decompositions comparing rates in the developed-country total to developing countries (Total, Brazil, China, Indonesia, India, Mexico, and Nigeria) reveal that the main factors responsible for low rates of technology penetration rates in developing countries are disparities in income, telephone density, legal quality, and human capital. In terms of dynamics, our results indicate fairly rapid reversion to long-run equilibrium for Internet use, and somewhat slower reversion for computer use.