Balancing Multiple Competing Objectives with a Balanced Scorecard

This paper investigates how multiple and competing objectives are managed within an organisation, and the role that the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) plays in balancing organisational objectives. The issue of achieving multiple objectives, those which represent the interests of various stakeholders, has come to the forefront of the corporate agenda, as companies are seen increasingly as more than a source of profit for shareholders, but rather as ‘citizens’ playing a broader role in society. This study adopts an exploratory case study approach to understand how the BSC is used in management decision and control processes to assist with the balancing of objectives. The case organisation is a state-owned electricity company, and provides a unique setting where multiple and equally important strategic objectives exist. The results demonstrate that the BSC has the potential to help in making trade-offs and balancing objectives, but there are certain requirements for this to succeed. The paper provides insights into issues of balanced strategic management, as it discusses ‘balance’ in terms of both process and outcomes.     

Analysis of Hybrid Life-tests in Presence of Competing Risks

The mixture of type-I and type-II censoring schemes, called the hybrid censoring scheme is quite common in life-testing or reliability experiments. In this paper, we consider the competing risks model in presence of hybrid censored data. Under this set up, it is assumed that the item may fail due to various causes and the corresponding lifetime distributions are independent and exponentially distributed with different scale parameters. We obtain the maximum likelihood estimators of the mean life of the different causes and derive their exact distributions. Using the exact distributions, all the moments can be obtained. Asymptotic confidence intervals and two bootstrap confidence intervals are also proposed. Bayes estimates and credible intervals of the unknown parameters are obtained under the assumptions of independent inverted gamma priors of the mean life of the different causes. Different methods have been compared using Monte Carlo simulations. Onereal data set has been analyzed for illustrative purposes. Part of the work was supported by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council.     

Unemployment Duration: An Analysis of Incomplete,Completed, and Multiple Spells in Emilia-Romagna

Sets of incomplete and completed spells of unemployment wereobtained from the Italian Quarterly Labour Force Survey,carried out by ISTAT in Emilia-Romagna (1993:1–1995:1).The data were analysed through a proportional hazards modelwith a Weibull specification of the baseline hazard, includingboth unobserved heterogeneity applied to the scale parameterof the duration distribution, and telescoping effect to accountfor spikes in the distribution of unemployment spells.They were compared formally also with a non-proportional hazardmodel based on a log-logistic distribution of duration.The estimation of the parameters was carried out separately on bothcompleted spells and quarterly incomplete spells to ascertaindifferences and to envisage the potential seasonal effect.The results showed that the shape parameters changed over time.The parameters of each covariate proved to be statisticallystable over time and were also equal to the parameters ofthe completed spells model.Therefore, the analysis of incomplete spells is fairly feasiblewhen an even (closed form) baseline hazard function is suitablefor data.     

On the Problem of Identification in Multiplicative Intensity-Rate Models with Multiple Interactions

In this paper we examine a multiplicative intensity model in which a covariate interacts with two other covariates in the same model. We demonstrate, analytically, that in such situations a log-linear parameterization based on two pairs of baseline levels cannot be transformed, uniquely, to the, otherwise equivalent, multiplicative parameterization. We show that the problem lies in an oversight of the conditional independence between the two covariates interacting with a common third covariate. As a solution, therefore, we propose an approach that takes due account of such dependence. Our proposed approach uses a common baseline level for the three covariates involved in interaction while estimating the corresponding relative intensities. The issues addressed are illustrated with a demographic data set involving the estimation of rates of transition to parenthood.     

政府会计的竞争模式及我国的现实选择——兼论预算与会计的协调

根据会计与预算的关系,可将政府会计区分为模式X和模式Y。模式X认为会计附属于预算,强调政府内部的受托责任;模式Y认为会计对预算施加重大影响,强调政府整体对公民的受托责任。根据会计环境和实际情况,目前我国政府会计只能选择模式X。鉴于预算执行与预算控制的重要性,我国在制定政府会计准则时,需要兼顾预算执行和控制方面的要求,并在政府预算和政府会计之间进行协调。     

The Reliability of Family Background Effects on Status Attainment: Multiple Informant Models

This article sets out to investigate to what extent conventional retrospective measurement of family background leads to biases in the effects of family background in status attainment research. Multiple informant models show that the effect of father’s educational attainment on respondent’s educational attainment is 41% greater than conventional research suggests, and that the effect of father’s occupational status on respondent’s educational attainment becomes zero. The direct effect of respondent’s educational attainment on respondent’s occupational status is 21% greater after the unreliability in the respondent’s answers has been taken into account. We conclude that measurement error seriously biases conclusions about the status attainment process in the Netherlands.     

会计信息化存在的风险及对策

随着会计信息化理念的逐渐渗透,如今的会计工作的模式和方法已经悄然发生了变化,会计信息化可以极大程度的对会计工作的效率和准确性等提供保障,但同时,这种信息化的新型作业模式也具有一定的风险。本文针对会计信息化这个研究对象,围绕其存在的风险和解决这些问题应采取的措施进行讨论,从而有效规避会计信息化的弊端,维护会计行业的安全性与稳定性。     

特许经营的风险分析

特许经营作为一种全新的商业模式 ,在我国的大城市、沿海地区、经济特区迅猛发展。它的巨大优势已被其海外一百余年的发展历史所证明 ,但在其优势背后也潜藏着经营风险。本文从特许人和受许人两方面分析了其潜在的风险,并根据正常营业的加盟店的经营情况进行了风险测算 ,用内部收益率法和净现值法来计算其收益。     

构建有利于自主创新的风险投资运行体系

风险投资是技术创新金融支持的重要内容,它在中小型科技企业发展以及整个国家创新体系中的作用已经得到了国内外理论与实践的证明。本文在现有理论研究的基础上,分析了风险投资与自主创新相互促进的作用机理以及当前形势下我国风险投资所面临的机遇与挑战,并基于我国风险投资的现实情况,对有利于自主创新的风险投资体系的构建提出了基本思路。     

Nonlinear Structural Equation Models with the Theory of Planned Behavior: Comparison of Multiple Group and Latent Product Term Analyses

Nonlinear relationships in structural equation analysis became moreinteresting for applied researchers since the implementation of nonlinearconstraints in software programs (i.e., LISREL). This article provides acomprehensive application of the expectancy × value part of the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991) including interactions of latent variables.The main purpose of the study is to overcome limitations of similarprevious analyses of Baumgartner and Bagozzi (1995) and Yang Jonsson (1997,1998) with an empirical example from representative survey data. Nonlinearrelationships of the theories' constructs (Attitude toward the behavior, subjectivenorm and perceived behavioral control) are analyzed one upon another withmultiple group comparisons and latent interaction models. Results confirmthe strategy to use multiple group techniques for preliminary analyses(i.e., detection of an interaction effect). With latent interaction models thestrength and the significance of the interaction is estimated under controlfor random measurement error. Parameters, standard errors, andgoodness-of-fit statistics are compared between three estimationtechniques (ML, GLS and WLS). Multiple group analyses and latentinteraction modeling detect a significant interaction for perceivedbehavioral control but not for attitude toward the behavior and subjective norm. Variations of the estimators of the perceived behavioral controlsubmodel is proved by bootstrapping. Further model improvements andalternative model techniques are discussed in the final chapter.     

房地产业发展面临风险的思考

房地产业是我国支柱产业,未来走向事关国民经济发展和民生改善.而国家政策和市场需求是我国房地产业赖以长期高速发展的两大重要推动力.当前.房地产业虽进入新一轮发展阶段.但通过对城市化、旧城改造、投资、消费四个影响房地产市场需求因素的现实状况的实证分析.财政政策、货币政策和产业政策未来走向的趋势分析,认为市场需求不足和国家政策不确定性是房地产业发展面临的主要风险.值得行业和政府关注,需采取相应的对策以规避风险.     

The Misspecification of Arma Models

The object of this paper is to assess the effects of fitting a model of the wrong order to a time series which is generated by an autoregressive moving–average process. The method is to examine the spectral density functions which are indicated by the probability limits of the least–squares estimators of the misspecified models. The least–squares estimates are asymptotically equivalent to the maximum–likelihood estimates.
The experiments reported in this paper suggest that, if the spectral density function of the data–generating process displays prominent modes, then there is a danger of being seriously misled about the nature of the process whenever one fits a model with too few parameters. It also transpires that, in such cases, the criterion function is liable to have several local minima.
Autoregressive moving–average models are being used increasingly in object detection applications where the spectrum of a signal serves to identify the nature of its source. Our results suggest that radical misidentifications can result from the use of incorrectly parametrised models.     

我国QFII制度的风险及其防范——基于全球性金融危机视角

我国于2002年12月正式推行QFII制度。经过六年的实践和发展,QFII对于我国资本市场投资者理念和结构的转变、建设我国国际化金融市场等发挥了积极作用。但同时必须看到,QFII制度在实施过程中面临各种各样的风险,尤其是当前在全球性金融危机的影响下,如何对我国QFII制度的风险进行防范风险更加必要。文中对我国现行QFII制度的风险进行探讨并提出相应建议。     

浅谈P2P网络借贷的风险与监管对策

近年来,网络借贷平台发展迅速,作为一个特殊的经济贷款模式,P2P网络借贷以其自身借贷条件低、手续便利、经济实惠等特点,获得了许多个人或是小微企业的青睐,从而使P2P网络贷款迅速发展壮大。当今,我国还没有一部统一的法律来规范P2P网络借贷平台。在P2P网络借贷平台活跃发展的今天,规定空白会滋生大量网络借贷违法行为的出现,不利于国民经济以及P2P行业的发展。因此,认清网络借贷平台的风险与加强对其的监管是当前一项重要的任务。     

监理工程师的责任风险及其规避

造成监理工程师责任风险的原因是复杂的，多方面，有些风险来自社会环境，有些风险来自工作环境，有的风险来自监理工程师本身，因而有必要从理论上进行分析研究，按照其不同的责任属性进行归类，在处理上应该区别对待，作为监理工程师，必须对监理责任风险有一个全面、清晰的认识，从而有效地规避可能面的责任风险。     

独立学院开展校企深度合作的探索及实践研究

校企合作是有效实施工学并举的新型人才培养模式,有利于学生在校学习与企业需求之间实现零距离对接。河北经贸大学经济管理学院通过与企业共建专业、将企业课堂植入校园、订单培养等模式,进行校企深度合作、探索及实践,构建了合理的校企合作工程实践课程建设实施平台,为社会不断培养满足发展需要的软件与信息服务人才。     

中国资源型企业海外投资所面临的风险与防范

资源短缺越来越成为制约中国经济可持续发展的最大障碍。缓解中国经济发展中资源短缺矛盾的对策之一,就是"走出去"投资开发海外资源。资源产业将成为长期"走出去"跨国经营的主导行业之一。本文重点解析资源型企业海外投资的特有风险,在此基础上提出防范、规避其风险的途径和对策。