90年代我国农业剩余劳动力转移及其对农业发展的影响

<正> 剩余农业劳动力转移是我国经济体制改革及模式转换过程中的一个重要结构变动现象。未来10年的农业发展将更多地取决于技术创新和要素组合的优化,因而剩余农业劳动力转移将成为制约90年代农业发展的重要因素。本报告旨在分析农业发展与剩余农业劳动力转     

肇庆市三大产业关联效应和协同发展机制研究

随着生产力水平的不断提高,第一产业能够用较少的劳动力就可以生产满足全社会需要的农产品,从而产生农业劳动力剩余效应;第三产业高于农业的劳动报酬吸引了农业劳动力的转移,形成第三产业的就业效应;在工业化时期,当农业劳动力报酬高于第三产业的劳动报酬时,农业劳动力向第三产业的转移表现为＂挤出效应＂,以上三种效应共同推动了第三产业的发展。     

九十年代我国农业劳动力转移的趋势和对策

农业劳动力的转移主要指农业劳动力向农村第二、三产业和城镇的转移等等;农业劳动力的转移状况在很大程度上标志着一个国家的工业化、现代化;我国农业劳动力剩余量大,其转移在今后相当长一段时间内将是我们必须关注的一个社会经济问题;当前农业劳动力转移的主要特点是以就地转移为主,从转移过程遇到的各种矛盾中,在当预示到九十年代所面临的严峻形势,提醒我们要充分认识到这项工作的长期性和艰巨性;在业劳动力向林、牧、渔业的转移,属于劳动力的合理利用问题,在转移压力较大的情况下不失为解决矛盾的一条主要出路;搞好这项工作,是一个巨大的系统工程,需要宏观政策上的支持,又需要地方、部门的配合,充分发挥各方面的积极性,广开渠道,统筹规划,协同作战.     

新疆农业劳动力转移研究

我国城镇化和工业化步伐不断加快,农业劳动力转移是其中一个重要环节.本文在分析了新疆农业剩余劳动力转移现状的基础上,提出了影响劳动力转移的因素以及劳动力转移过程中所带来的负面作用,并进一步分析相关措施,加速劳动力的转移.     

劳动力转移:当前农村发展最具挑战性的问题

我国农村已发展到劳动力转移对其发展具有决定意义的新阶段。劳动力转移必须立足农村和农业,重点抓好农业结构调整、农业产业化、农村工业化、农村城市化和劳务输出。通过观念更新、信息服务、智力支持和政策引导来改善农村劳动力转移的条件。     

马克思农业劳动力转移思想与现实考察

农业劳动力转移是世界农业发展过程中必然经历的阶段。马克思以资本主义国家工业化和城市化进程为背景,对农业劳动力转移现象进行了研究,阐释了机器和现代耕作技术在农业中广泛应用是农业劳动力转移的直接原因,资本积累是农业劳动力转移的根本驱动力。一个国家农业劳动力转移规模要受社会经济发展水平影响和制约,同时农业劳动力转移过程也伴随着农民社会关系的转型。梳理和挖掘马克思农业劳动力转移思想,具有重要的理论价值与现实意义,不仅可以丰富和深化马克思主义中国化的研究,还可以为解决我国农村剩余劳力转移提供理论指导。     

英国农村劳动力转移及对中国的启示

农村劳动力转移是世界各国从传统农业社会向工业化社会转变过程中共有的现象 ,本文分析影响巩固农村劳动力转移的各种因素和英国农村劳动力转移特点 ,并对英国农村劳动力流动进行历史评价 ,在此基础上探讨对我国农村劳动力转移的启示     

贵州省工业化、城镇化、农业现代化与农村劳动力转移研究

为了弄清贵州省工业化、城镇化和农业现代化对贵州省农村劳动力转移的影响程度,运用一元线性回归的方法,分别对贵州省工业化水平、城镇化水平和农业现代化水平与农村劳动力转移的相关性进行分析,发现贵州省工业化水平的提高对贵州省农村劳动力转移的吸纳作用不是很大,但是贵州省城镇化和农业现代化的发展却对贵州省农村劳动力的转移具有明显的拉动作用。     

英国工业化过程中农村劳动力产业间转移的次序及对我国的启示

农业劳动力向第二、第三产业转移是社会经济发展的必然结果,是实现农业社会向工业社会过渡的必要条件。文章以世界上最早实现工业化的英国为研究对象,从工业化过程中的不同阶段(工业化初期、工业化中期、工业化后期)考察英国农村劳动力在产业间转移的次序。这为处于不同工业化进程地区的中国农村劳动力在三次产业间的转移提供许多有益的启示和借鉴。     

劳动力转移的基本原则和对策

农业剩余劳动转移的基本原则应当考虑是否有利于统筹城乡发展和统筹经济社会发展,是否有利于工业化发展和全面现代化与城市化的实现。拓宽工业化发展的渠道,建立城乡二元工业化结构体系,规范农业剩余劳动力跨区域转移,构建劳动力转移的长效机制,充分发挥农村农业化对劳动力转移的促进作用,全面推进农业产业化,坚持农业产业化、农村工业化、农村城镇化三化联动,无疑都是解决农业剩余劳动力转移的最佳途径。     

我国房地产税制的现状及改革构想

房地产税制是维护房地产市场公平竞争，实现国家对房地产业宏观调控的有力杠杆。然而，我国现行的房地产税制却存在税费不分、税制不统一、税制结构不合理等诸多问题。严重影响了其对房地产业应有的宏观调控作用。因此，适时地推进房地产税制的改革应是当务之急，应统一内外税制，合理界定税费的范围，建立统一、规范、合理的房地产税收体系。     

上海生态农业发展影响因素研究

文章分析了上海生态农业发展的影响因素,并利用计量模型进行检验,认为影响上海生态农业发展的主要因素有农业基础设施、农业劳动力资源、农业产业化水平、农业科技实力状况。     

Public participation in forestry in Turkey

Recently public participation in forestry has been seriously considered in Turkey. Participation is however quite a challenge for a country with a long tradition of top-down management and a strong bottom-up dependence on public provisioning. In such a setting, it may not be surprising that the experiences with public participation in forestry in Turkey are mixed. There are some positive initiatives like the creation of farmer's cooperatives and NGOs, but their role is quite limited and small of scale. This paper is bringing together different views based on existing studies in Turkish related to Turkey's experience with implementing public participation in forestry.     

西部地区人力资本投资与知识化发展

人力资本投资在推动知识化发展的过程中存在自增强机制，通过促进人力资本保值增值，进行人力资源合理配置，改善配置环境和配置政策、完善配套措施，有助于充分发挥这一机制的功能，从而实现西部地区知识化发展。     

Inter-enterprise arrears in economies in transition

In the context of economies in transition, the paper argues that an excessive liquidity squeeze could throw the economy into a persistent state of low economic activity. In such bad equilibrium, enterprise transactions become largely demonetized, with a chain of arrears, a form of involuntary credit, spreading over the entire system. The empirical analysis of the Romanian experience seems to support the view advanced in the paper.     

Is wealth found in the soil or in the brain? Investing in farm people in Malawi

Should a typical developing country invest more in agriculture or education? At what stage of development is it optimal to invest more in each of these sectors? These are important questions that governments of developing countries grapple with when designing investment plans. In this paper, I propose a soil–human capital conceptual framework of development and use it to explain estimates of agricultural returns to schooling in Malawi. I use panel survey data for Malawi and rely on the exogenous education policy changes and spatial variation in access to schooling to identify effects of schooling on agricultural incomes. In addition, I correct for selection into income activities within a panel data and instrumental variables estimation framework. I find annual agricultural returns to schooling in Malawi of 3%–4% after correcting for selection and unobserved heterogeneity and 7% in the uncorrected specifications. I also find consistently higher returns to schooling in the nonagricultural sector for those not living in the village of birth and higher returns in the agricultural sector for those living in the village of birth. Given the size of the farm sector, wealth in Malawi is still in the soil, but that future growth in wealth depends on human capital investments.     

Gender Differences in Time-Poverty in Rural Mozambique

Based on time-use data from a 2013 primary household survey, this study examines the nature and extent of time-poverty experienced by men and women in peasant households in Mozambique. The main findings indicate that while women's labor allocation to economic activities is comparable to that of men, household chores and care work are almost entirely women's responsibility. The heavy burden of responsibilities leave women significantly time-poorer compared to men. Women's time-poverty worsens when the burden of simultaneous care work is taken into account. In addition, due to multitasking, the work tends to be more taxing. The examination of determinants of time-poverty shows that common measures of individual economic power, such as assets and education, do not necessarily affect the time-poverty faced by women.     

2010年黑龙江省宏观经济展望

受世界金融危机的影响,从2008年下半年起黑龙江省经济持续走低,2009年一季度跌入谷底。2009年前三季度,在国家扩大内需的政策刺激下,黑龙江省经济企稳回升,但经济运行中还存在出口下滑、物价水平较低等问题,经济下行的压力仍然存在,经济持续回升的基础尚待巩固。展望2010年,国家将继续实施积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策,随着政策效应的逐步释放,内需对经济的拉动作用仍将十分强劲,另外,随着世界经济的复苏,黑龙江省外贸形势也将逐渐好转,在＂投资、消费、出口＂这三驾马车的共同作用下,2010年黑龙江省经济将步入全面复苏通道。     

Agricultural Roots in Intergenerational Transfers in China

Economists have been interested in the motivations of intergenerational transfers, for different motivations affect the effectiveness of anti-poverty public transfers. However, one’s motivation is largely shaped by culture and social conventions. This paper sheds light on the influence of rice cultivation in intergenerational transfers in China. This is also the first time that economists consider cultural factors in the study of intergenerational transfers. Cultivating rice requires elaborate irrigation systems and large amounts of labor input so that rice farmers have to cooperate extensively with their neighbors, which has gradually shaped people’s value to be more inter-dependent. Based on micro-level data from CHARLS and sub-national rice data from China, our empirical results show strong evidence that individuals from rice regions are more likely to provide economic support for their parents. A one-percentage point increase in the share of rice in the total grain planting area will raise transfer incidence by 0.2–0.4 percentage points, and rice region residents transfer on average 300–400 yuan more in 2011 and about 1,000 yuan more in 2013 to their parents than those from wheat regions. Meanwhile they are more inclined to rely on their adult children for elderly support. Urban citizens are less affected. Using instrumental variable estimation, we are able to prove the effect is causal. With future continued deepening of population aging in China, relying on children for old age support may become more and more unrealistic, the government needs to coordinate the relationship between public transfer and private transfer to ensure the quality of life for the elderly.     

Trade-offs in sulfur emission trading in Europe

How to implement emission trading is one question in the current negotiations on a new sulfur protocol in Europe. Whereas the current protocol stipulates a 30 percent uniform reduction, national emission ceilings included in the proposed new protocol imply differentiated reductions. In addition, emission and fuel standards are proposed. This paper examines the costs and environmental impacts of emission trading. Emission trading combined with regulations is a new element in the paper. Calculations using the RAINS (Regional Acidification INformation and Simulation) model suggest that overlaying emission trading on regulations not only reduces the cost savings but has beneficial impacts as well: ecosystem protection is not changed and significant decreases in environmental benefits for countries are largely avoided. Emission trading can also be used to decrease emissions and increase ecosystem protection. If combined with existing legislation, emission trading minimizes losses in expected environmental benefits for some countries, and most countries gain. However, the initial distribution of emission ceilings has to be used so that some countries are not confronted with higher costs. Trade-offs appear to exist between the use of emission trading to achieve cost savings on the one hand, and ecosystem protection and distributional equity on the other.