A Decomposition of Total Factor Productivity Growth in Korean Manufacturing Industries: A Stochastic Frontier Approach

This paper applies a stochastic frontier production model to Korean manufacturing industries, to decompose the sources of total factor productivity (TFP) growth into technical progress, changes in technical efficiency, changes in allocative efficiency, and scale effects. Empirical results based on data from 1980–1994 show that productivity growth was driven mainly by technical progress, that changes in technical efficiency had a significant positive effect, and that allocative efficiency had a negative effect. This study suggests that specific guidelines are required to promote productivity in each industry, and provides additional insight into understanding the recent debate on TFP growth in Korean manufacturing.     

中国农业生产率的变动与分解分析:1978～2004年--基于非参数的HMB生产率指数的实证研究

本文使用非参数的HMB生产率指数方法，考察了中国农村改革以来农业全要素生产率（TFP）的变动趋势，并把TFP的增长构成分解为技术进步、技术效率变化、规模效应和投入产出混合效应四个部分。结果表明，改革开放以来我国农业TFP的增长主要是由技术进步推动的，技术效率的下降对TFP的增长造成了不利影响，而规模效应和混合效应影响较弱。文章还指出中国农业的育种能力和生物技术的发展是农业技术进步的决定力量。     

Technical Change and Efficiency in Turkish Manufacturing Industries

Technical progress and production efficiency are central to economic growth and international competitiveness. However, these topics received little attention in Less Developed Countries. This study is the first attempt to measure and to understand the extent and importance of technical progress and efficiency in Turkish manufacturing industries. Stochastic production frontiers for Turkish textile, cement, and motor vehicles industries are estimated by using panel data of plants for the years 1987 to 1992. The rate and direction of technical change for each industry are estimated by introducing time-dependent variables in the production function. Sector-specific factors which influence technical efficiency of manufacturing plants are also identified.     

2005年-2011年间我国矿业生产效率分析——基于DEA模型的Malmqusit指数实证分析

本文采用了2005年至2011年共7年的相关投入产出指标,使用数据包络分析的Malmqusit指数模型,对矿业的Malmqusit生产率指数进行测度,认为我国矿业的生产效率除2008-2009年间外均存在上升的趋势;然后对其进行RD分解,得到综合技术效率变动、技术进步、纯技术效率变动、规模报酬变动四个不同的指标值,认为生产效率改进的主要原因是技术进步效率的提升,而综合技术效率变动、纯技术效率变动、规模报酬则拖累了生产效率,随后分析了四个不同指标值的经济含义。     

Productivity change in a multisectoral economic system

We estimate productivity growth without recourse to data on factor input shares or prices. In the proposed model, the economy is represented by the Leontief input–output model, which is extended by the constraints of primary inputs. A Luenberger productivity indicator is proposed to estimate productivity change; this is then decomposed in a way that enables us to examine the contributions of individual production factors and individual commodities to productivity change. The results allow for the identification of inputs or outputs that are the drivers of the overall productivity change. Their contributions are then decomposed into efficiency change and technical change components. Using input–output tables of the US economy for the period 1977–2006, we show that technical progress has been the main source of productivity change. Technical progress was mostly driven by capital, whereas low-skilled labour contributed negatively.     

Decomposing multifactor productivity in Italy from 1998 to 2004: evidence from large firms and SMEs using DEA

This paper presents a firm-level analysis of multifactor productivity (MFP) in Italy between 1998 and 2004. Using data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique, MFP change are measured for 31 industries and decomposed into efficiency change and technical change (which in turn is interpreted as the combined effect of technical progress and scale economies). The results highlight the stagnation in many Italian production activities and even a decrease in MFP in some industries. A non-parametric statistical test on the results obtained from DEA reveals that the analysed larger firms have been more likely to perform better in efficiency than the smaller ones. This outcome seems to complement the Schumpeterian view of a relatively high attitude of larger firms towards technological innovation and productivity growth.     

Creative destruction over the business cycle: a stochastic frontier analysis

This paper examines the within-industry distributions of jobs created and destructed across plants in terms of technical efficiency, technical efficiency change, scale effect, and technical change. It further investigates how these distributions vary with economic activity. By applying the stochastic frontier analysis to plant-level longitudinal data on Taiwan??s 23 two-digit manufacturing industries spanning the period 1992?C2003, we find that jobs created (destructed) are disproportionately clustered at plants with lower technical efficiency but higher rate of technical change. A fall in economic activities is associated with a statistically significant decrease (increase) in the fraction of newly created (destructed) jobs accounted for by plants with a higher rate of technical change, indicating that creative destruction is more pronounced during economic contractions.     

Decompositions of profitability change using cost functions

The paper presents a decomposition of a production unit’s cost ratio over two periods into explanatory factors. The explanatory factors are growth in the unit’s cost efficiency, output growth, changes in input prices and technical progress. In order to implement the decomposition, an estimate of the industry’s best practice cost function for the two periods under consideration is required. Profitability at a period of time is defined as the value of outputs produced by a production unit divided by the corresponding cost. Using the earlier work by Balk and O’Donnell, the paper provides a decomposition of profitability growth over two periods into various explanatory factors that are similar to the cost ratio decomposition except that change in outputs explanatory factor is replaced by two separate factors: an index of output price growth and a measure of returns to scale.     

基于DEA的机械制造业上市公司生产经营效率评价

文章建立评价东部地区25家机械制造行业上市公司生产经营效率的数据包络分析模型,测算了各上市公司的总体效率、技术效率、规模效率及其规模效益状况;分析了各类机械制造业上市公司在投入、产出及资源配置效率等方面的特点,进而提出促进机械制造业高效发展的若干建议。     

基于DEA的机械制造业上市公司生产经营效率评价

文章建立评价东部地区25家机械制造行业上市公司生产经营效率的数据包络分析模型,测算了各上市公司的总体效率、技术效率、规模效率及其规模效益状况;分析了各类机械制造业上市公司在投入、产出及资源配置效率等方面的特点,进而提出促进机械制造业高效发展的若干建议。     

The Sources of Change in Canadian Industry Output

Canadian input–output tables for 1961, 1971, 1976, and 1981 are used to apply the techniques of Feldman et al., (1987) to decompose the sources of change in Canadian industrial output. The results of the decompositions are in general agreement with the finding by Feldman et al., that, while changes in output levels may be attributed primarily to changing final demands, technical coefficient effects are relatively more important among the fastest growing and declining industries. For Canada, however, technical coefficient effects are generally more important in the declining industries, and less so for the fastest growing industries. Furthermore, technical coefficient effects have become relatively more important in a greater number of industries over time, especially among industries in which output levels have been falling. The results also suggest that the combined bridge and technical coeficient effect overstates the actual effect of shifts in the structure of industry production. When bridge coefficient effects are separated from the technical coefficient effects and included in total final demand effects, the results provide additional evidence that final demand continues to be the major source of both absolute and relative rates of output growth for the majority of Canadian industries.     

The productivity of private and social farms: Multilateral Malmquist indices for Slovene dairying enterprises

Applying programming techniques to farm-level panel data for four cooperative and 12 private dairy farms in the Yugoslav Republic of Slovenia gives estimates of technical efficiency, scale efficiency, and technical progress. These are used to construct multilateral Malmquist indices of total factor productivity (TFP). For the cooperatives, TFP growth has been slow and is attributable to technical progress. For the private farms, technical progress was also slow, but TFP growth was faster due to improved efficiency. Scale inefficiency explains the poorer absolute performance of the private farms, indicating the need for land reform as well as technological change.     

How to optimize the allocation of research resources? An empirical study based on output and substitution elasticities of universities in Chinese provincial level

Although significant progress has been made in China's basic research in recent years, there remains a wide gap between research in China and that from developed countries. How to optimize the allocative efficiency of research resources is of great importance for increasing research output. In this paper, using the fixed effect stochastic frontier model based on the translog production function, we estimate output and substitution elasticities of research and development (R&D) inputs at universities in China's provincial level during 2009–2016. We find that the R&D technical efficiency of China's universities, after a rapid growth, has tended to become relatively stable. Improvements of internationalization degree and exogenous R&D capabilities are conducive to promoting R&D technical efficiency, whereas expenditures from government grants inhibit the promotion of R&D technical efficiency; the effects of R&D capital deepening and internet penetration are not evident. The output elasticity of R&D capital is much higher than that of R&D personnel, suggesting that R&D capital is the main driving force of research output. The substitution elasticity between R&D capital and personnel has experienced a change from substitution to complementary since 2014. To realize sustained growth of research output, we should increase R&D input with positive output elasticity or reduce R&D input with negative output elasticity, making the necessary trade-offs according to the substitution relationship between the two R&D inputs.     

基于环境负产出的能效动态Malmquist模型研究

本文旨在研究环境效率—能源效率—经济效率的"三位一体动态全要素生产率"。首先基于数据包络分析建立了环境约束下的能效动态Malmquist模型,定义了能效效率改变指数、污效效率改变指数和动态进步指数。通过对中国18个行业2000～2007年的数据分析,指出未考虑环境效应、动态效应的Malmquist模型会带来误判,进而揭示出在中国能效全要素生产率改变过程中,能源环境效应起到了不可忽略的作用,而动态效应则是最大的瓶颈,却没得到应有的重视。     

On the estimation of returns to scale, technical progress and monopolistic markups

A number of theoretical results on estimating returns to scale, technical progress and monopolistic markups are derived when there are multiple outputs and inputs. The choice of value added versus gross output and problems that arise in aggregation across sectors of an economy are also considered. Using US data on manufacturing, evidence is found of increasing returns to scale across all levels of aggregation. Technical progress is typically found to be insignificant implying that economic growth has been driven by increasing returns to scale rather than technical progress. Such findings have important implications for the macroeconomic modeling of economic fluctuations.     

两种等效益面生产函数与全要素生产率变化率的分解

本文根据规模报酬可变还是规模报酬不变，分别定义了一般等效益面生产函数和典型等效益面生产函数。由一般等效益面生产函数的离散型分解式可以测算一个生产单元的纯技术进步，以及纯技术效率变化对经济增长的贡献；而由典型等效益面生产函数可以将全要素生产率的变化率分解为典型技术进步率、纯技术效率和规模效率的变化率之和。进而由具有明确几何意义的离散型分解式分别测算典型技术进步和规模效率对经济增长的贡献。等效益面生产函数与分解式的几何意义还说明，全要素生产率的改变最终是由技术创新、制度创新和管理创新共同推动的。     

基于生产函数的城市经济水平影响因素差异研究

改革开放以来,中国经济有长足而稳定的发展.对于一个国家或城市的经济而言,经济发展水平的提高可以通过两种途径来实现,即增加生产要素投入和技术进步.利用柯布-道格拉斯生产函数模型,分析规模经济对中国城市经济的影响.考虑到经济增长各地区间的差异性,将中国283个地级以上城市划分为6大经济区域及3个规模级别分别进行研究.研究发现,当前中国城市整体处于规模收益递增阶段,但不同区域不同规模的城市其规模弹性存在较大差异.在此基础之上,将产业结构、开放程度、与外界区域经济联系及科技水平4个具体反映广义技术进步的因素融入上述模型中,探究各因素对我国经济水平的作用,并得出了产业结构和科技水平是影响目前城市经济水平主要因素的结论.     

The impact of corporate governance on state-owned and non-state-owned firms efficiency in China

The purpose of this paper is to expand the literature on the corporate governance of transition economies by analyzing the relationship between corporate governance and productive efficiency in China's publicly listed manufacturing industry firms. We use the principal component analysis and the hybrid meta-frontier DEA model, separating inputs into radial inputs that change proportionally and non-radial inputs that change non-proportionally to measure the technical efficiency and technology gap ratios of publicly listed Chinese firms in different manufacturing industries during 2010–2013. The input variables are the net value of fixed assets, staff number, and the characteristics of the corporate governance system, while the output variables are gross revenue and total profit. The empirical result shows that inefficiency due to corporate governance is the main reason for lower efficiency in most manufacturing firms. For the technology gap ratio (TGR), the metal and mineral and the machinery, equipment and instrument are the two highest efficient sectors, whereas the paper and allied products sub-industry has the lowest efficiency during 2010–2013. In addition, the ratio of state-owned firms whose inefficiency is mainly caused by corporate governance to total state-owned firms is greater than that of non-state-owned firms in each year. The TGR analysis shows that the efficiency performance of non-state-owned firms is greater than state-owned firms.     

Creation of climate-smart and energy-efficient agriculture in the European Union: Pathways based on the frontier analysis

Creation of the climate-smart agriculture requires efficient resource use and mitigation of the environmental pressures among other objectives. Therefore, it is important to assess the energy efficiency and productivity growth in the European Union's agriculture. This paper analyses the sample of the selected European Union member states. The productive technology including the energy consumption and the resulting greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is constructed. The measurement of the energy efficiency and productivity change relies on the slacks-based measure and Luenberger productivity indicator. The productivity growth was decomposed with respect to the input/output variables and the sources of growth (i.e., efficiency change and technical progress). The average annual productivity growth of 0.79% was obtained for the selected countries during 1995–2016. The highest productivity gains were observed in Lithuania, Denmark, Belgium and Romania (1.27%–1.94% per year). The productivity growth related to GHG emission dominated the contributions by the input/output variables in Lithuania, Denmark, Belgium, Romania, Poland, Austria, France, the Netherlands, Hungary and Estonia.     

Sources of Structural Change for the UK Service Industries 1979–84

Over the period 1979 to 1984 the UK economy experienced severe structural change in that the oil and services sectors increased their share of employment and output, whilst the share of manufacturing fell by about 5 percentage points. This paper uses input–output tables for 1979 and 1984 to decompose the changes in output of total marketed services and the component industries into the changes due to price changes and those due to volume changes. The volume changes are, in turn, decomposed into those internal to the service industries, e.g. changes in demand for business services by communication, and those external to the industries, e.g. changes in demand for services by manufacturing. The analysis is done at a 101-industry level with results presented in the paper for the five service industries, Distribution and Catering, Transport, Communications, Business Services and Other Market Services. The paper is intended to give insight into the answers to the following questions: How much of the increase in service output has been due to the reallocation of activities previously done within manufacturing? In what respects were services insulated from the effects of the general recession 1979-812? Has the recent growth in services output been due to more consumers' expenditure and other. final demand or to other factors? The main conclusion is that changes in Input–Output coefficients were very important for structure change in UK services, almost entirely because they dominated the fastest-growing sector, business services.