Evolutionary micro-dynamics and changes in the economic structure

The paper aims to account for the empirical stylized facts related to changes in sectoral structures that have led to the growth of services in most advanced countries over recent decades. A growth model with evolutionary micro–founded structural change is developed, which formalizes the role of technical change and changes in intermediate demand as they affect the evolution of the sectoral composition of the economy and macro-economic growth. The simulated results are based on the use of the actual data, including Input–Output coefficients in the case of Germany. Three scenarios are identified, which account for the effects of a set of key parameters on changes in the structure of the economy.     

STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF INPUT–OUTPUT MULTIPLIERS ON THE BASIS OF USE AND MAKE TABLES

Although technical coefficients are estimated on the basis of flow data (use and make matrices), they are rarely treated as random variables. If this is done, an error term is added to the coefficients, rather than derived from the distribution of the data. Even so, the calculation of multipliers, by means of the Leontief inverse, is difficult. Due to the nonlinearity of this operation, the multiplier estimates are biased. By going back to the flow data, this paper provides unbiased and consistent employment and output multipliers estimates for the Andalusian economy. Rectangular use and make matrices are accommodated and problems associated with the construction and estimation of technical coefficients and the Leontief inverse are circumvented.     

A comparison of alternative methods of updating input-output coefficients

In recent years there has been a growing number of input-output models of economies ranging in scale from the rural to the national. While offering invaluable insights into the interaction of sectors within an economy, the input-output model suffers from the fact that its coefficient values are altered over time due particularly to technological change. Two of the prominent techniques designed to update these technical coefficients, the RAS and linear programming methods, are compared herein with regard to changes in U.S. national coefficients between 1963 and 1967. Suggestions for improvements to the latter method are outlined.     

数字经济促进全要素生产率提升的效应评价

数字经济的发展为我国转变发展方式、实现经济高质量发现提供了新的契机。在此背景下,采用面板数据模型估计了数字经济对我国地区全要素生产率的影响,并进一步将全要素生产率分解为技术进步和技术效率,探讨数字经济对全要素生产率的影响机制。结果发现：首先,数字经济整体上可以促进全要素生产率进步,且在进行内生性处理和稳健性检验后,这一结论依然较为稳健。其次,从全要素构成来看,数字经济促进技术效率提升在全要素生产率进步中发挥了主要作用,无论对于技术效率低的地区还是技术效率高的地区,数字经济均能促进其技术效率提升。最后,数字经济整体上对技术进步的影响则不显著,只有技术进步本身较高的地区才能充分利用数字经济带来的优势,进一步提高技术水平。     

An environmental assessment of future production-related technological change: 1970–2000 (An input-output approach)

This paper develops a technique, or model, to systematically assess the environmental impact of specific technological changes forecast to occur over this and the next two decades. The core of the model is a dynamic technical coefficient matrix of a large input-output model. The technological change considered is that which affects the coefficients of this matrix and thus the distribution of material inputs over time into the various sectors of the U.S. economy. An environmental assessment of this production-related technological change is achieved through a submodel that registers production residuals on an industry basis for 14 waste categories.     

Modeling the diffusion of general purpose technologies in an evolutionary multi-sector framework

General purpose technologies (GPTs) are characterized by their pervasive use in the economy. The introduction of a new GPT (product innovation) as well as increasing productivity within a GPT-sector (as a consequence of process innovations) affect the economy in several ways. First, a new GPT offers the opportunity to produce goods by means of cheaper processes; secondly, technical change within the GPT sector influences productivity gains in related sectors. Also social consequences such as changing wage share, technical unemployment and transitional wage inequality can be observed. Finally, the emergence of a GPT often coincides with output decline, preceding economic growth. This paper introduces a multi-sector diffusion model to study these effects by combining classical economics and replicator-dynamics. Empirical evidence is given by the information and communication technology sector in Denmark and its impact on the economic structure from 1966 to 2007.     

Wage inequality between and within groups: trade-induced or skill-bias technical change? Alternative age models for the UK

According to recent econometric studies, technical progress is the main source of the increasing skill premium in the UK and the US. However, it is not yet clear if technical progress is skill-bias or sector-bias and, most importantly, if the use of foreign technology has a role to play. By using alternative AGE models for the UK economy, I show that both trade-induced sector-bias technical change and skill-bias technical change can explain the stylised facts of the UK economy: tertiarisation; deindustrialisation; openness to foreign markets; increased skill premium; rise in wage inequality within the skilled; and unskilled labour groups. However, the model with sector-bias technical change due to trade performs better, because it can also explain two other important stylised facts: the decline of the wage rate of unskilled workers; and the large increase of imported capital goods.     

实物期权法对网络企业投资评估的适用性研究

结合经济学、金融学、技术经济学原理,通过对网络企业运行规律的分析,在收益法模型框架下提出网络企业的技术经济特点,分析了传统评价方法对网络企业的局限性,探讨了实物期权法对网络企业投资评估的适用性,对网络企业投资的技术经济评价方法进行了有价值的研究。     

Energy conservation, unemployment and the direction of technical change

This paper extends the model by Smulders and de Nooij (Resour Energy Econ 25:59–79, 2003), where technical change can be biased towards labour or energy, by assuming a monopolistic union and a government which pays unemployment benefits, collects wage taxes and sells emission permits. The extended model is applied to the analysis of environmental tax reforms. A reduction in the level of energy use yields a double dividend by lowering pollution and unemployment, while temporarily inducing energy-saving technical change. It moves the economy to a new balanced growth path where unemployment is permanently lower, but long-run growth is not affected. A reduction in the growth rate of energy use induces a persistent bias in technical change towards labour and reduces long-run growth.     

Technical Progress and Real Wages Once again

We construct a general equilibrium model of trade and show that an economy can experience technological progress and declining real wages provided that it is open to trade and import demand is sufficiently inelastic in both countries. This is a puzzling outcome so far as marginal productivity paradigm is concerned. In this context we demonstrate that new technology works differently in a closed vs an open economy. In an open economy, technical improvements may generate a fall in labor real earnings, but not in a closed economy. In addition, technical progress in manufacturing must increase manufacturing–service wage gap according to marginal productivity doctrine. We show that the opposite outcome can occur theoretically in an open economy—yet another seemingly puzzling labor market outcome.     

挑战·机遇·出路——我国低碳经济的发展之路

低碳经济作为一种新的发展模式,影响着世界各国的经济社会发展进程.我国是最大的发展中国家,在发展低碳经济的进程中,存在包括发展阶段、资源禀赋、产业结构、技术条件等诸多方面的压力与挑战,同时也存在减排空间大、减排成本低、技术合作潜力大的优势.因此,我们要从全局的角度出发,建立低碳经济的政府主导机制、技术支撑机制、制度创新机制、生产消费机制和国际合作机制,从而走出一条中国特色的低碳经济发展道路.     

A model of a small open economy integrated in a monetary union

This paper develops a model of a small open economy integrated in a monetary union, which is a nontrivial technical extension of the existing small open economy model. The model is used to study the monetary transmission mechanism in Portugal.     

Total factor productivity and R&D capital in the spanish economy, 1965–1980

A formal model of productivity growth and technical progress is presented. The model takes into account embodied and disembodied technical progress as explanatory variables. The slowdown in productivity growth for the Spanish economy after 1972 is explained for 92% by the decline in the rate of growth of technical progress originated from domestic R&D and technology imports.     

长沙市土地利用与经济协调发展定量评价

文章采用主成分分析和模糊数学相结合的方法,根据两系统35个具体指标值,分别计算出长沙市区1996-2005年间土地利用系统和经济发展系统的综合评价指数和两系统间的协调度指数,定量分析了10年问长沙市区土地利用与经济协调发展的程度,判断了土地利用与经济发展系统间的演进模式.结果表明:两系统协调程度不高、质量欠佳,协调度指数总体趋势下降;土地利用与经济发展系统演进模式由经济发展滞后土地利用模式转变为土地利用滞后经济发展模式.为探索结果产生的原因,运用信息熵和均衡度等相关的数学模型与方法,进一步分析了长沙市经济发展过程中土地利用存在的问题.     

微观推进循环经济的机制分析

循环经济是可持续发展战略的高级技术范式。循环经济对线性经济的技术超越必然要求技术选择背后经济驱动力观念性的根本变革。文章在线性技术选择经济驱动机制分析的基础上,探索调整经济驱动机制,全面实施循环经济的有效途径。     

Exchange Rates,Expectations, and Monetary Policy: a NOEM Perspective*

We use a dynamic general‐equilibrium optimizing two‐country model to analyze how the formation of exchange rate expectations shapes the effects of a monetary policy shock in an open economy. We also provide empirical evidence on how traders in foreign exchange markets form exchange rate expectations. Our model implies that the short‐run output effect of a permanent monetary policy shock diminishes if “technical traders” form the type of regressive exchange rate expectations we find in our empirical analysis. If the influence of technical traders is strong enough, a permanent expansionary monetary policy shock can result in a temporary decline of the output in the country in which it takes place. The output effect of a temporary monetary policy shock is magnified when technical traders form regressive exchange rate expectations.     

MONETARY POLICY DURING JAPAN'S LOST DECADE*

We develop a quantitative costly price adjustment model with capital formation for the Japanese economy. The model respects the zero interest rate bound and is calibrated to reproduce the nominal and real facts from the 1990s. We use the model to investigate the properties of alternative monetary policies during this period. The setting of the long‐run nominal interest rate in a Taylor rule is much more important for avoiding the zero bound than the setting of the reaction coefficients. A long‐run interest rate target of 2.3% during the 1990s avoids the zero bound and enhances welfare.     

Estimating Central Banks’ preferences from a time-varying empirical reaction function

We estimate monetary policy reaction functions for the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany, using a Markov-switching model that allows for shifts in the coefficients of the central bank's reaction function as well as for independent shifts in the residual variance. The results indicate that central bank policy can be characterized as falling into a low- and a high-inflation regime. Over time all central banks have assigned changing weights to inflation and the output gap. Switching in the residual variance turns out to be important for the fit of the model. As a reaction function is a reduced form, coefficients embody preference parameters as well as parameters characterizing the structure of the economy. To recover the central banks’ preferences, we estimate the preference parameters jointly with a small model of the economy. The results show that the Bundesbank has placed a relatively higher weight on inflation than the Fed. Moreover, for the Bundesbank and the Fed the differences between both regimes seem to originate mainly from a changing preference for interest rate smoothing.     

Subsistence consumption and natural resource depletion: Can resource-rich low-income countries realize sustainable consumption paths?

This contribution is concerned with efficient use of a resource if households are characterized by Stone–Geary preferences with a minimum subsistence level of consumption. Subsistence consumption implies particular minimum requirements for initial endowments with reproducible man-made capital and resources. If these are not met, the economy is not able to cover subsistence consumption such as nutrition. Focusing on the steady state, we find that the equilibrium can be governed by zero or positive growth. The latter occurs if the rate of exogenous technical change exceeds the rate of time preference. In the former case, we can show that Hartwick’s investment rule applies in a steady state. Finally, we calibrate the model for developing but resource-rich countries and trace the full dynamic development of the economy. Furthermore, we evaluate this full adjustment process regarding several sustainability indicators.     

农产品绿色技术壁垒形成的政治经济学原因探究

近年来，绿色技术壁垒问题正越来越引起人们的关注。一些发达国家以保护生态环境、保护人类、动植物生命和健康为由制定复杂苛刻的环境保护措施，对国际贸易造成了不必要的障碍。因为大部分农产品和食品的出口限制主要以保护环境和人类健康为由，如检测出进口农产品有毒成分残留超标，含有已禁用的农药和化学药品等，所以农产品贸易受绿色技术壁垒的影响更为严重。本文尝试从政治经济学的角度深刻分析农产品遭遇绿色技术壁垒的原因。