The impact of exploration and exploitation learning on organisational innovativeness among hospitals: an open innovation view

This study tries to explore the impact of exploration and exploitation learning on organisational innovativeness among health service organisations from an open innovation view. We developed several constructs including realised absorptive capacity (RACAP), breadth and depth of external knowledge acquisition and tried to explore the roles of these constructs in the influence process of organisational learning on organisational innovativeness. The mail survey was used to collect research data from top hospital managers in Taiwan. The overall valid response rate was 44.23%. We applied a structural equation model to test the research hypothesis. Results indicated the breadth and depth of external knowledge acquisition would affect organisational innovativeness through RACAP. Exploration learning had a directly positive influence on RACAP and also had an indirect impact through the mediation of breadth and depth of external knowledge acquisition among health service organisations.     

国际工程项目中的人力资源管理

一、项目经理人选是项目成功的关键项目经理人选水平的高低是决定国际工程项目管理成功与否的关键。与国内工程的项目经理比较起来,对国际工程项目经理的标准更高、要求更严。除了通常意义上的工程项目管理经验外,他们还必须结合国际工程项目的特点,具备以下几个方面的才能：1.对国际工程有正确的认知。国际工程绝不仅仅是工程项目在国外执行而已。身为项目经理,必须对国际工程的许多惯例有所了解。例如：在国际工程项目的执行过程中,通常有业主、工程师和承包商三方。工程师一方的地位非常特殊,通常受雇于业主,因此受业主的影响…     

知识经济时代的人力资源管理

知识产业的迅猛成长和飞速发展,正在给我们的经济、社会与文化生活带来前所未有的变化。面对知识经济时代的全新挑战,企业要获取竞争优势,人力资源开发与管理不可忽视。通过适应知识经济时代剧烈的企业变化和动荡的新挑战,促进企业组织开发、流程重组和管理变革,发挥并提升人力资源的潜能,已经是摆在每一个企业管理者面前的重要课题。 何谓人力资源管理 从２０世纪早期起,公司开始组建薪资部门并管理福利计划,出现专门的人事管理人员,并逐步在雇员甄选、培训和晋升方面发挥作用。伴随着时代的发展,企业人事管理者已经持续不断地从…     

国际工程项目管理中的人力资源管理

国际工程承包在我国是自改革开放以来逐步发展起来的,是我国国际经济合作的重要组成部分。经过几十年的发展,在多变的国际经济政治环境中,众多参与国际工程承包项目的企业在风浪中历经种种磨难,饱尝酸甜苦辣,终于在国际工程承包领域赢得了一席之地,许多企业的业绩也已跻身国际大承包商的行列。加入WTO后,我国国际承包事业面临着新的机遇,各国取消了或正逐步取消在市场准入方面对中国公司的限制。因此,越来越开放的国际工程承包市场为国内大型建筑企业参与国际工程承包业务提供了更好的发展机遇。目前国际工程承包市场潜力巨大,仍然有很大…     

An information-based adaptive strategy for resource exploitation in competitive scenarios

Given an exploitation problem, in which a number of agents compete for a limited renewable resource, the optimal harvesting strategy depends on the ratio between resource availability and exploitation effort. For scarce resource a purely competitive, greedy strategy outperforms a more collaborative approach based on the Collective Intelligence, while for more abundant resource the opposite holds. The rationale for this behaviour lies in the amount of information each strategy is able to provide and a combined strategy is possible according to which agents choose dynamically the most informative strategy according to a minimum entropy criterion. This approach, which provides best performance for both under and over-exploited scenarios, can be used to monitor the resource status for management purposes and is effective in both centralised and decentralised decision making.     

Enhancing innovation through learning: the roles of market orientation and interorganisational knowledge stores

Drawing on the organisational learning theory, this study regards market orientation as a market-based learning and seeks to advance insight into how market orientation and interorganisational knowledge stores together affect different types of innovation. Our findings from a sample of 246 manufacturing firms provide supporting evidence for the positive effect of market orientation on both explorative and exploitative innovation. The effect of market orientation on innovation gets amplified when firms possess large amount of interorganisational knowledge, demonstrating the synergistic effect produced by different types of learning which is less known. This study, therefore, sheds light on the under-researched area of literature surrounding the interaction between different learning activities and the roles of knowledge from different sources on firm innovation.     

知识经济时代的网络银行人力资源管理

当今社会已进入信息、知识经济时代,银行的竞争主要体现为核心能力的竞争.人力资源作为蕴含在银行竞争优势的一种难以模仿的、特定的资源,是保持银行竞争优势的源泉,成为决定银行竞争成败的关键因素.以知识经济时代下人力资源管理的理论,来分析我国网络银行人力资源管理的特点及存在的问题,并针对问题从构建企业文化、建立科学团队、完善激励机制、加强员工培训等方面提出了相应的对策,有助于通过有效的人力资源管理,实现我国网络银行长期持续发展.     

项目管理模式优化与实务探索

在科技日新月异迅猛发展的今夭,在日益激烈的竞争环境下,越来越多的科研院所依托成功的项目管理来实现长远发展战略.为了能够指引高层管理者做出正确的判断和决策,一个科学合理有效的项目管理成功标准就显得至关重要.笔者通过对大量理论文献,案例剖析发现,以项目管理规划为指导,以流程管理为核心的管理模式更适合作为成功项目管理的新标准.     

中国西部地区的能源开发与经济增长——基于"资源诅咒"假说的实证分析

Based on resource curse hypothesis, this paper carries out an econometric analysis on the relationship and its transmission mechanism between energy exploitation and economic growth with cross-province panel data over 1991–2006. Results reveal that there is the significantly negative correlation between energy exploitation and economic growth, which indicates since the 1990s, the resource curse effect from energy exploitation has appeared evidently; though, before the implementation of the Western development strategy, energy exploitation acted negatively on opening degree, S&T innovation and human capital input, the effect was yet uncreated. However, after the implementation of the strategy, the effect emerged evidently as a result of the enhanced negative effect of energy exploitation on S&T innovation and human capital input. Moreover, further tests indicate that energy exploitation impeded economic growth mainly through three indirect transmission channels: The crowding-out effect towards human capital input and S&T innovation, and the weakening of institution aroused by rent-seeking and corruption. And among them, human capital input is the strongest transmission factor. __________ Translated from Jingji yanjiu 经济研究 (Economic Research Journal), 2008, (4): 147–160     

Infrastructures, incentives, and institutions: Fostering distributed knowledge bases for the learning society

While much attention has been devoted to information and communication technologies, a more fundamental change at the start of the new millennium is the increasing importance of innovation for economic prosperity and the emergence of a learning society. The analysis in this paper shows that innovation should be understood as a broad social and economic activity: it should transcend any specific technology, even if revolutionary, and should be tied to attitudes and behaviors oriented towards the exploitation of change by adding value.We build on the idea of inclusive learning, which entails a process of shared prosperity across the globe following local specific conditions, and argue that it is crucial to understand the features of knowledge-induced growth in rich countries, as well as the challenges and opportunities for late-industrialized and less-developed countries. To achieve these objectives, we emphasize the relative importance of infrastructures and incentives, but considering the increasingly important role of institutions towards the development of social capital. This is because learning societies will increasingly rely on “distributed knowledge bases” as a systematically coherent set of knowledge maintained across an economically and/or socially integrated set of agents and institutions.This broad concept has motivated the work behind the present paper, which builds on material presented at the 5th International Conference on Technology Policy and Innovation (ICTPI), which was held in Delft, The Netherlands, in June of 2001. Under the broad designation of “critical infrastructures,” the Conference brought together a range of experts to discuss technology, policy and management in a context much influenced by the dynamics of the process of knowledge accumulation, which drives learning societies. Thus, this special issue includes a set of extended contributions to the Delft conference, and the aim of this introductory paper is to set the stage for these contributions, with an original contribution on possible views on the role critical infrastructures play to foster innovation in the learning society.     

The learning economy and embodied knowledge flows in Great Britain

This paper examines the `learning economy' from the perspective of occupational characteristics and changes in the British labour market between 1980 and 1992. Following a discussion of the learning and knowledge economy, cross-sectional employment data are analysed to ascertain which occupations can be classified as knowledge-based. Longitudinal career history data are then used to trace the flows of these `knowledge workers' over time. Sectoral shifts are examined, with a particular focus on the knowledge-intensive service sectors. The data come from the Employment in Britain survey: a large-scale employee survey from 1992. The approach used allows us to measure somewhat intangible aspects of economic behaviour such as learning and tacit knowledge and attempt to trace their flows. Shifts in knowledge from the manufacturing to the service sector are shown to be important and related to previous work which demonstrated the importance of knowledge intensive business services for both output and productivity in manufacturing.     

Animal rationality and implications for resource management: the case of biological reserves for moose and pine

One logical implication of the Darwinian hypothesis of ‘survival of the fittest’ is that animals exhibit optimizing behavior. Surprisingly, this has not been included in the resource economics literature. This paper explores the implications of optimizing behavior in a model where moose face migration decisions and humans wish to keep moose out of an area to protect young pine trees. The results show that if moose are rational, a given hunting effort will lead to better outcomes for humans than if the moose only focus on harvesting opportunities. This finding suggests that the validity of the standard assumption that animal migration behavior is density-dependent should be re-examined.      

A new paradigm for knowledge-based competition: building an industry through knowledge sharing

A common assumption in traditional strategic management thinking is that competitive success may be achieved by the creation and protection offirm-specific factors, either favourable market positions, as in industrial organization-based frameworks, or unique resources, such as intellectual properg and tacit knowledge, as in resource-based frameworks. This paper argues that owing to certain long-term trends in technology, industries and socieg, this paradigm is no longer appropriate for modern knowledge-based industries, particularly emerging high-technology industries. In these industries, technologies and firms are increasing4 interconnected in a complex web of interactions, and the main task o f strategic management is one o f managing technological and industy co-evolution. Complexity theory is used to identify mechanisms and strategies for creating sustainable technological communities and industries.     

Assessing complementarity in organizational innovations for technological innovation: the role of knowledge management practices

We empirically investigate the pattern of complementarity among four organizational practices. Firm-level data were drawn from the Community Innovation Survey, carried out in Luxembourg. Supermodularity tests confirm the crucial role of organizational innovation in raising firms’ technological innovation. The pattern of complementarity across organizational practices differs according to the type of innovation (i.e. product or process), as well as according to whether the firm is in the first stage of its innovation process (i.e. being innovative or not) or in a later stage (i.e. sales of new products).     

Renewable resource management, user heterogeneity, and the scope for cooperation

Cooperation can increase the efficiency of commonly-owned renewable resource use. However, received knowledge is that, absent side payments, cooperative solutions are more difficult to achieve the less homogenous the agents involved. We revisit this claim by analyzing how differences in the opportunity costs of resource harvesting affect the scope for Pareto-improving contracts, where contracting is with respect to the type of technology used. We find that the scope for cooperation is largest for intermediate levels of heterogeneity.     

Genetic engineering in agriculture: New approaches for risk management through sustainability reporting

Genetically modified crops and foodstuff have been highly controversial for environmental, health, and ethical reasons. The controversies have been worldwide, but most prominent in the European Union, for reasons that include distrust of the regulatory authorities, scientists and technocratic decision making. An informal moratorium in the EU came recently to an end, without solving the underlying problems. In response to the criticisms, the European governments have attempted to improve the risk assessment methods and their scientific basis, and to tailor public policies to the growing demand for transparency, accountability, and public participation.This paper proposes a novel approach to including the public in evaluating the impacts of food and agricultural biotechnology and present and future applications modeled after the growing practice of sustainability reporting by companies. The most visible among those, Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), when implemented properly, includes a wide range of stakeholders, including the financial institutions, companies, NGOs and the civil society, in an interactive multi-stakeholder discourse and collaboration. The reporting exercise would open the discussion about the R&D around new GMO products, and could mitigate potential adverse effects in an early stage (Constructive Technology Assessment). We specifically propose initiating a broadly based societal initiative aimed at developing of a new sectoral supplement of GRI Guidelines, specifically designed for the food and agricultural biotechnology sector.This approach can be conceptualized as experimentation on a small scale with a multitude of stakeholders involved (Bounded Socio-Technical Experiment or BSTE) which is an effective venue for higher-order learning among participants. Sustainability reports and BSTEs have been so far applied in limited cases, none of which included highly controversial technologies such as biotechnology; they need further elaboration and testing to become possibly highly effective concepts and tools for mitigating conflicts on the societal implications of emerging technologies, and to lead to better public policies and greater social trust.     

武汉新区旅游资源系统整合与深度开发的构想

武汉新区是武汉市正在建设培育的市级旅游中心，该区旅游资源类型齐全、等级较高，旅游业发展势头强劲。分析武汉新区旅游业发展的SWOT，提出新区旅游资源深度开发与整合的战略构想。     

The importance of social learning and culture for sustainable water management

Currently water resources management is undergoing a major paradigm shift. Water resources management has a strong engineering tradition based on controlling environmental problems with technical solutions. The management of risks relied on the ability to predict extremes and limit their impact with technical means such as dikes, dams and reservoirs. In this paradigm, belief systems, human attitudes and collective behaviours are perceived as external boundary conditions and not as integral part of management. However, the situation has started to change dramatically. Over the past years, integrated water resources management has become the reigning paradigm. The importance of governance and cultural adaptation has become a major issue of concern. At the same time, there is a paucity of adequate scientific concepts that would allow addressing these issues. This paper introduces a concept for social learning developed in the European project HarmoniCOP and discusses its implications for the cultural and institutional context of water resources management. It aims to contribute to the new paradigm of integrated resource management by discussing the importance of processes of culture and social learning for environmental resources management, in general, and water resources management, in particular.     

Interpellative Sociology of Pharmaceuticals: Problems and Challenges for Innovation and Regulation in the 21st Century

This paper develops a framework with which to interrogate how well pharmaceutical innovation and regulation are performing to produce drugs that improve health. That framework comprises five key dimensions: therapeutic advance of drug product innovations; safety standards in drug testing; use of surrogate measures of clinical benefit; independence of regulatory agencies; and public access to regulatory science. It is concluded that: more demanding regulatory intervention is required in order to increase the proportion of drug innovation that actually offers therapeutic benefits over existing products; drug regulatory agencies need much greater independence from the pharmaceutical industry; the erosion of safety standards since 1990 needs to be reversed; accelerated approvals of drugs based on surrogate, rather than clinical endpoints, require much greater critical attention; and much more extensive public access to regulatory science is required in order for regulatory decision-making to be thoroughly accountable to the public and the wider scientific community.