直接投资引致的美中贸易逆差:经验研究

运用基于误差修正模型的格兰杰因果关系检验模型,在商品分类层面研究关中贸易逆差与关国对华直接投资的内在联系。结果显示：从长期和短期来看,中国制成品的出口都是关中贸易逆差的“因”,中国制成品的出口与关国对华直接投资之间具有显著的双向格兰杰因果关系,因此关国进入中国的FDI,尤其是进入制造业的FDI越多,美中贸易逆差就越大;美中贸易逆差是结构性的,它不仅不会在短期内消除,而且会随着美国劳动密集型产业向中国的进一步转移而加剧。     

Global Value Chains in the Era of Digital Economy: Trends,Risks and Countermeasures

The new technological revolution has not only created the digital economy, but has also accelerated the digital transformation of global value chains (GVCs). Digital technologies have reshaped the specialization within global value chains by reducing costs, enabling industrial chains and increasing added value in exports. However, GVCs also face salient risks in the digital economy era, as reflected in their spatial layouts. The enabling effect of digital technologies has led to the shortening and reshoring of global value chains. In value chain governance, dominant countries have imposed technological embargoes on ascendant countries, depriving them of key technologies. In the distribution of value, the imbalances in the specialization within GVCs and digital divides have aggravated global economic inequities. Given the new characteristics and risks of GVCs in the era of the digital economy, as well as the “dual circulation” development paradigm, China’s industrial chains and firms moving up the GVCs need to regard data, the fifth type of production factor, as a key to the enabling effect of the digital economy on industries. These measures will advance the digital transformation of traditional industries and the development of the digital industry, as well as allow industrial chains and innovation chains to work in tandem to facilitate favorable domestic circulation. At the firm level, enterprises should further develop endogenous innovation capacity to become leaders in innovation and free themselves from dependence on foreign sources for key technologies.     

中美日环境会计信息披露差异研究

由于建立环境会计制度的时间不同、环境会计发育程度不同以及各国相关法律规定的不同，各国企业对环境会计信息的披露情况存在较大差异。笔者通过对中美日三国环境会计信息的披露形式和内容进行比较，认为应从加大宣传力度，进一步完善立法、加强执法、尽快制定环境会计准则和信息披露制度，提高企业管理者、会计人员的环保素质等方面入手。逐步完善我国的环境会计制度。     

The Real Exchange Rate and the Structural Transformation(s) of China and the U.S.

From 1989 to 2010, the RMB–dollar real exchange rate depreciated, despite China's rapid income growth relative to the US. We develop a macroeconomic-trade model of the very long-run equilibrium RMB-dollar real exchange rate. We show that this long-run depreciation of the RMB-dollar real exchange rate can be justified by our model, if we note that Chinese agriculture has relatively low productivity and that agriculture is tradeable. Relative to our equilibrium benchmark, the current real RMB-dollar rate is, if anything, over appreciated.     

From world factory to world investor: the new way of China integrating into the world

ABSTRACT

This paper argues that outward direct investment (ODI) is replacing international trade as the new way China integrates into the world. Based on two complementary datasets, we document the pattern of Chinese ODI. We argue that the rapid growth of China’s ODI is the result of strong economic development, increasing domestic constraints, and supportive government policies. Compared with trade integration, investment integration involves China more deeply in global business. As a new global investor, China’s ODI in the future is full of opportunities, risks, and challenges. The Chinese government should improve bureaucracy coordination and participate more in designing and maintaining international rules to protect ODI interests.     

人民币汇率、贸易收支与失业率——来自中美两国相关数据的分析

人民币升值是否能够改善美国贸易收支失衡?是否能够带来美国失业率的下降?以此争论为背景,本文采用人民币汇率改革以来的中美相关数据作为分析依据,从马歇尔—勒纳条件及中美贸易产品的相似性两个假设出发,分析了后危机时代人民币汇率变动与美国贸易收支失衡及其失业率的关系,主要得出以下几点结论:(1)中美两国之间贸易产品缺乏汇率—需求弹性,人民币汇率变动对美国进出口数量的影响微乎其微;(2)中美两国贸易产品具有较强的互补性,竞争性则较弱,贸易对就业具有促进作用;(3)人民币升值既不能改善美国的贸易收支失衡,也不能带来美国失业率的下降。     

A Test of Strategic Trade Policy in the Semiconductor Industry: The Impact of Japanese Policy on U.S. Firms

This paper analyzes a multinational corporation that may use tax evasion and profit shifting as a means to minimize tax liabilities. Our main finding is that profit shifting may occur even when tax rates are the same across countries. This will be the case whenever there is a tax differential in effective tax rates resulting from differences in tax enforcement. In this context, profit shifting occurs to enable tax evasion in a country where tax enforcement is less harsh. Moreover, for a given differential in tax rates, differences in tax enforcement may either accentuate or dampen profit shifting. Importantly, the predictions regarding the direction of profit shifting that would result in our set-up may contrast sharply with those of the preceding literature.     

Manufacturing Wage Differentials and Employment in Some Scandinavian Countries, the U.S. and the U.K.: An Analysis of Variance Approach

This paper presents some empirical evidence on the factors determining changes in wage differentials between skilled and unskilled workers and in their employment. An ``analysis of variance' (ANOVA) model is estimated using UN data for five OECD countries in order to assess the relative importance of industry-specific, country-specific and international shocks (as well as interactions between industry and country effects). It is found that both international shocks and national policies affect wage differentials over the whole sample, whilst skill-biased technical change (SBTC) was a significant factor in the seventies. Employment responds mainly to international shocks, although national policies and SBTC were important determinants in the seventies and eighties respectively. Some of the results are found to be sensitive to the technology level of the industries considered.     

民国遗产税制度思想之演进*--从分遗产税制到总遗产税制

发端于清末的中国遗产税制度思想,历经北洋政府时期、国民政府前期和国民政府后期的发展,具有明显的阶段性特征,并最终促成了遗产税制度在中国的实施。文章将思想界的活动与政府决策综合起来考虑,系统地梳理了民国遗产税制度思想的发展历程及其特征。研究发现：（1）民国时期思想界对遗产税制度建设的讨论遵循了三个原则,即公平原则、国情原则和可行性原则。（2）民国遗产税制度思想的演进过程,实为国人从本国国情出发,对税制公平性和可行性的权衡过程。（3）20世纪30年代中期以前,思想界在遗产税制度模式的选择上明显倾向于分遗产税制;而到了国民政府后期,总遗产税制最终得到了大多数人的认可。因此,民国时期的遗产税制度思想演进过程,是一个从注重公平性向注重可行性的转变过程。这是民国遗产税制度思想臻于成熟的表现。文章不仅是对近代中国财政思想研究的拓展和深化,还能为我国当前的遗产税制度建设提供有益的借鉴。