北京市二氧化碳排放的驱动因素及减排路径

实现低碳发展对北京市意义重大。北京市近二十年来人口城镇化水平迅速提高,二三产业结构发生巨变,能源效率持续提高,因此运用STIRPAT模型对北京市（1995—2012年）二氧化碳排放的驱动因素进行分析。结果表明：城镇化、人口、产业结构、能源强度、人均GDP依次对北京市二氧化碳排放产生正向驱动作用。北京市低碳发展任重道远,需要在控制人口、转变经济发展方式、深度优化产业结构和能源结构等方面采取强有力的措施。     

Trends in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of passenger cars and buses

In this work we develop aggregate car ownership and bus fleet models in order to forecast and compare fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions from passenger cars and buses. Greece was selected as a case study, being a country fairly representative of lower-income Mediterranean and Eastern European countries and data were collected for the period 1970 to 2002. Percent adults in the population, per capita gross domestic product, inflation, unemployment, car occupancy and bus kilometers were predictors included in the car ownership and bus fleet multiple regression models. A shift in the overall trend of both models around 1995 was explained as a slope change of per capita gross domestic product, possibly reflecting the impact of a boom of the Greek Stock Market along with a retirement program for older vehicles. Predictor variables were forecast via Box-Jenkins and the models were subsequently used to develop car ownership and bus fleet forecasts to the year 2010. We predict that the contribution of cars to total CO₂ emissions will rise to an astounding 95% of total CO₂ emissions from road passenger transport (excluding taxis and mopeds), an effect expected in other Mediterranean and Eastern European countries with socioeconomic characteristics similar to Greece. Suggestions for further research include developing regional car ownership forecasts in order to compare the dynamics of different regions within a country and looking into other land transportation means (such as mopeds, taxicabs and railway).     

Construction of legal system of carbon emissions trading in China

Countries in the world have taken a variety of means to control carbon emissions based on the serious situation of global warming,the concept of low-carbon economy and the provisions about emissions in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change（UNFCCC） and the Kyoto Protocol.With the measures of emissions reductions,the system of carbon emissions trading is taking shape.It is necessary for China as the big natural resources consumption country to establish its own carbon emissions trading system.By introducing the carbon emissions trading system of the European Union,America and Japan,and analyzing the market and policies been formed,the carbon emissions trading system in China can be established from the initial configuration of the emissions rights,the subject and object of carbon emissions trading,establishing the carbon emissions trading exchange and supervising and regulating the carbon emissions trading.     

Energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emissions: Challenges faced by an EU candidate member

This paper investigates the long run Granger causality relationship between economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption in Turkey, controlling for gross fixed capital formation and labor. The most interesting result is that carbon emissions seem to Granger cause energy consumption, but the reverse is not true. The lack of a long run causal link between income and emissions may be implying that to reduce carbon emissions, Turkey does not have to forgo economic growth.     

人口规模、经济增长与碳排放:经验证据及国际比较

根据国际能源署（IEA）公布的1971—2008年碳排放数据,探讨中国与典型发达国家、发展中国家（G8＋5）人口规模、经济增长与碳排放变化的差异性。结果表明：随着GDP增长,中国碳排放快速增长,人均碳排放已超过世界平均水平;单位GDP碳排放持续降低,但依然高于世界平均水平。利用秩相关系数检验人均GDP与单位GDP碳排放,发现7个发达国家均呈显著下降趋势,发展中国家南非、中国呈显著下降趋势,巴西、印度、墨西哥呈上升趋势但并不显著;人均GDP与人均碳排放秩相关系数表明,7个发达国家中,美国、法国、德国、英国呈显著下降趋势,加拿大呈不显著上升趋势,日本、意大利呈显著上升趋势;5个发展中国家处于工业化快速发展阶段,能源消费急剧增加,随着人均GDP增长,人均碳排放均呈显著上升趋势。基于此,归纳出世界主要发达国家和发展中国家人口增长、经济增长与碳排放变动的三种模式。     

Impacts of EU carbon emission trade directive on energy-intensive industries — Indicative micro-economic analyses

The cost impacts from the European emission trading system (ETS) on energy-intensive manufacturing industries have been investigated. The effects consist of direct costs associated to the CO₂ reduction requirements stated in the EU Directive, and of indirect costs of comparable magnitude that originate from a higher electricity price triggered by the ETS in the power sector. The total cost impacts remain below 2% of the production value for most industries within the ETS in the Kyoto period. In the post-Kyoto phase assuming a 30% CO₂ reduction, the total cost impact may raise up to 8% of production value in the heaviest industry sectors. In steel and cement industries the cost impacts are 3-4 fold compared to the least affected pulp and paper and oil refining. Electricity-intensive industries outside the ETS will also be affected, for example in aluminum and chlorine production the indirect cost impacts from ETS could come up to 10% of production value already in the Kyoto period. As industry sectors are affected differently by the ETS some correcting mechanisms may be worthwhile to consider in securing the operation of the most electricity-intensive sectors, e.g. balancing taxation schemes that may include as income source a levy on the wind-fall profits of the power sector due to ETS. A future improvement in ETS for industries within the scheme could be scaling of the emission reduction requirement so that the relative total emission reduction costs are at about the same level.     

China’s CO2 emissions from power generating stations and the role of subsidies – a first exploration

Our analysis is the first of its kind to explore patterns of subsidization and CO₂ emissions in China’s electricity-producing sector. Applying data for all power plants across China and controlling for the age, capacity and location of generating stations, we find that plants attracting a higher government subsidy are also the plants generating a disproportionate share of CO₂ emissions. This distortion is incongruent with China’s aspiration for a greener economy but may be eliminated if China delivers on its November 2013 announcement to review many industry subsidies on its way to a fully fledged market economy.     

碳排放权交易定价研究综述

《京都议定书》的问世使碳排放权在低碳经济时代成为一种稀缺商品,而该"商品"的定价问题就是碳排放权交易体系的核心关注点。文章对排放权定价的研究现状进行了系统综述,内容主要包括:碳排放权交易的基本定义、碳排放权定价理论以及国外和国内对碳排放权定价的研究现状。其中,国外对碳排放权定价的研究主要集中在碳排放权价格影响因素和定价模型两方面;国内的研究除影响因素和定价模型外,还对碳排放权的定价基础—碳货币和中国碳排放权的定价策略展开过讨论。文章拟通过较为系统的介绍,以期为未来碳交易定价的相关研究提供一定的参考。     

Measuring progress towards carbon reduction in the UK

The UK Climate Change Bill proposes to establish legally binding targets for a 60% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 2050. This paper discusses the challenges posed by measuring progress towards this target. It takes as a premise that the conventional production-based accounting framework, enshrined in the UNFCCC emissions accounting guidelines, is inappropriate for this task because it fails to account for the carbon ‘traded’ across the UK national boundary. Accordingly, it sets out a consumption-based accounting framework – using a two-region Environmental Input–Output (EIO) model – which could in principle measure progress in reducing the emissions attributable to final consumers in the UK. It illustrates the use of this framework to measure the reduction in carbon dioxide achieved by the UK between 1990 (the Kyoto base year) and the year 2004 and compares this against the production perspective. The results indicate that any progress towards the UK's carbon reduction targets (visible under a production perspective) disappears completely when viewed from a consumption perspective. But the robustness of this conclusion depends critically on the accuracy of underlying economic and environmental datasets as well as specific assumptions concerning imports. By analysing the consistency of UK Input–Output data, we conclude that EIO is still some way from being able to answer the critical question of the carbon trade balance for the UK. In these circumstances, measuring real progress towards carbon reduction in the UK remains elusive.     

我国能源消耗和二氧化碳排放的历史特征研究

过去50年是全球气候变暖最显著的50年,全球气候变化已经成为国际社会最为关注的问题。我国是世界上最大的发展中国家,二氧化碳总排放量已经跃居世界第一,担负着减少二氧化碳排放,遏制全球气候变暖的重任。文章采用表观能耗估算法对我国大陆地区的历史能源消耗产生的二氧化碳排放清单进行了估算。研究结果显示,我国以煤为主的能源结构和经济发展优先的发展模式导致了我国巨大的二氧化碳排放量,虽然二氧化碳排放总量每年递增,但是单位GDP产生的二氧化碳排放强度却比较低,呈逐年递减的趋势,人均二氧化碳排放量水平相对发达国家也较低。文章研究结论为我国能源安全和生态环境的可持续发展提供了研究基础。     

中国中部六省的碳排放趋势研究

采用王铮等人提出的中国碳排放预估模型,测算在经济平稳增长条件下,中部六省未来的能源碳排放趋势,考虑了6省未来水泥工业的碳排放,并采用CO2FIX模型计算各省森林碳汇量,从而得出各省的净碳排放量,为各省制定碳排放战略提供参考。结果显示：各省的能源碳排放量都呈现先增长后下降的倒U型特征,能源碳排放高峰出现的先后顺序分别是河南、湖南、山西、安徽、江西、湖北;6个省份水泥工业的碳排放都呈现不断增长的趋势,水泥工业产生的碳排放量最大的是河南,最小的是山西;累计森林碳汇量最大的是江西省,其次是湖南省,河南省最小;各省应在减少能源碳排放的同时,控制水泥工业产生的碳排放,积极增加森林碳汇,从多方入手减少碳排放。     

Impacts of Novel Protein Foods on Sustainable Food Production and Consumption: Lifestyle Change and Environmental Policy

We analyse the impacts of a change in consumers’ preference for Novel Protein Foods (NPFs), i.e. a lifestyle change with respect to meat consumption, and the impacts of environmental policies e.g. tradable emission permits for greenhouse gases (GHGs) or an EU ammonia (NH₃) emission bound per hectare. For our analysis we use a global applied general equilibrium (AGE) model that includes consumers’ lifestyle change, different production systems, emissions from agricultural sectors, and an emission permits system. Our study leads to the following conclusions. Firstly, more consumption of NPFs assists in reducing global agricultural emissions of methane (CH₄), nitrous oxides (N₂O) and NH₃. However, because of international trade, emission reduction does not necessarily occur in the regions where more NPFs are consumed. Secondly, through lifestyle change of the ‘rich’, the emission reduction is not substantial because more ‘intermediate’ consumers will increase their meat consumption. Finally, for the same environmental target the production structure changes towards less intensive technologies and more grazing under environmental policy than under lifestyle change.

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中国碳金融市场对区域产业结构的影响研究——基于panel data计量模型的实证分析

文章选取中国CDM碳交易数量位居前列的十个省份为样本数据,对产业结构系数与单位GDP碳减排量之间的关系进行了梳理,并通过分析目前中国碳金融市场发展困境与碳金融市场对产业结构的影响方式,探究出中国碳金融市场对区域产业结构的影响。通过采用面板数据背景下的固定效应模型进行统计分析,从定量的角度研究了碳金融对区域产业结构的影响,得到了某一区域碳交易规模的大小会对该区域产业结构系数起到积极的正向影响的结论。但是,不同区域之间存在差异性,主要原因归根于当地文化、发展阶段与政策导向。最后文章有针对性地从制定碳金融发展战略、加大碳金融市场基础设施建设与完善碳金融的监管和风险防范体系三方面,进一步提出了促进碳金融和低碳经济发展的对策建议。     

京津冀碳排放的地区异质性及减排对策

以京津冀为研究对象,选用碳排放量、碳生产率和脱钩弹性系数三大指标分析三省市2000—2011年低碳经济的发展,并以KAYA等式的扩展式为基础,建立LMDI分解模型,对三省市碳排放影响因素进行无残差分解,区分其碳排放的地区异质性,结果显示:北京市呈现碳排放量规模驱动型特征,天津市和河北省的碳排放均呈现出规范结构混合驱动型特征。     

Fairness in a tradeable-permit treaty for carbon emissions reductions in Europe and the former Soviet Union

This paper evaluates the distributional implications of alternative permit allocations in a tradeable permit regime for carbon emissions reductions (20% below baseline) in 2010 for a region consisting of Europe and the states of the former Soviet Union (FSU). Participation in such a regime is expected to hinge on the fairness of the distributional consequences. We find that initial permit allocations by populationand/or GDP are unlikely to induce participation by most countries of Eastern Europe and FSU because of the net costs involved. We identify a set of initial allocations that would at least compensate these countries. A fair treatment of the countries in Western Europe (WE) is here one which equalizes net costs perGDP. For a wide set of cost functions for carbon emission reductions, the cost gains that WE would reap from a tradeable permit system relative to unilateral reductions by WE as a group are found to be on the order of 85 percent. This would imply, among other things, a significant increase in WE'scapacity to make further emissions reductions.     

中国碳排放的区域异质性及减排对策

通过碳生产率和脱钩弹性系数指标分别从静态和动态角度考察中东西三大区域近十年来低碳经济转型的进展以及在KAYA等式扩展式基础上,建立LMDI分解模型,对影响三大区域碳排放的因素进行分解,认为东部地区的碳排放呈现规模驱动型特征,中西部地区的碳排放均呈现出规模结构混合驱动特征,但与中部地区相比,西部地区的产出驱动稍弱,而经济结构驱动较强。