The energy consumption-real GDP nexus revisited: Empirical evidence from 93 countries

In this paper, we analyse the long-run relationship between energy consumption and real GDP for 93 countries. We find mixed results on the impact of energy consumption on real GDP, with greater evidence at the country level supporting energy consumption having a negative causal effect on real GDP. For the G6 panel of countries, we find significant evidence that energy consumption negatively Granger causes real GDP. This means that for countries where energy consumption has a negative long-run causal effect on real GDP, energy conversation policies should not retard economic growth. We identify these countries and regional panels. We argue that these countries/regions should play a greater role in reducing carbon dioxide emissions.     

Energy consumption and economic growth in Asian economies: A more comprehensive analysis using panel data

This paper applies the most recently developed panel unit root, heterogeneous panel cointegration and panel-based error correction models to re-investigate co-movement and the causal relationship between energy consumption and real GDP within a multivariate framework that includes capital stock and labor input for 16 Asian countries during the 1971–2002 period. It employs the production side model (aggregate production function). The empirical results fully support a positive long-run cointegrated relationship between real GDP and energy consumption when the heterogeneous country effect is taken into account. It is found that although economic growth and energy consumption lack short-run causality, there is long-run unidirectional causality running from energy consumption to economic growth. This means that reducing energy consumption does not adversely affect GDP in the short-run but would in the long-run; thus, these countries should adopt a more vigorous energy policy. Furthermore, we broaden the investigation by dividing the sample countries into two cross-regional groups, namely the APEC and ASEAN groups, and even more important results and implications emerge.     

Testing the relationships between energy consumption and income in G7 countries with nonlinear causality tests

Knowing the real causal links between energy consumption and national income is crucial for policy decision making. In this article, we address this issue for the G7 countries by using two nonlinear causality tests in the sense of Hiemstra and Jones (1994), and Kyrtsou and Labys (2006). Our results reveal some new, but mixed results. Hiemstra–Jones test indicates unidirectional causality running from energy consumption to GDP for the United Kingdom, while a bidirectional causality between energy consumption and GDP is found for Canada, France, Japan and United States. On the other hand, Kyrtsou–Labys test shows that a unidirectional causality runs from energy consumption to GDP for France and the United States, and from GDP to energy consumption for Germany. Overall, our findings suggest that policy implications of the energy-GDP links should be interpreted with caution, given the test-dependent and country-specific results.     

The export-output growth nexus in Japan: a bootstrap rolling window approach

The purpose of this article is to examine the export–output nexus in Japan by taking into account the time variation in the causal link with bootstrap Granger non-causality test and rolling estimation. The data used cover the seasonally adjusted real export and real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the 1957:1–2009:1 period. Standard Granger causality tests indicate no causality between export and real GDP series. On the contrary, full sample-modified Granger causality tests based on bootstrap, which are applicable irrespective of integration–cointegration properties of the data, indicate a bi-directional causal link between exports and real GDP. Accordingly, export growth should be an important factor behind Japan’s high-economic growth in the last three decades. Using parameter stability tests, we show that these results are not uniform for different sample periods and results vary due to structural changes. Using bootstrap rolling window estimation, we find that there is a positive bi-directional predictive power from the mid 1970s to the late-1980s between the series, while from the late 1990s to 2009 there is a positive predictive power only from export growth to output growth.     

中国能源消费与经济发展的动态关系研究

运用协整理论,研究了1953--2006年中国能源消费与实际GDP之间的关系。结果表明：中国能源消费和实际GDP之间存在协整关系。建立了能源消费与实际GDP之间的误差修正模型,并通过基于误差修正模型的格兰杰因果关系检验分析了中国能源消费和实际GDP之间的因果关系。结果表明：存在能源消费到实际GDP的短期格兰杰因果关系,存在实际GDP到能源消费的长期格兰杰因果关系。采用HP滤波技术分离出能源消费和实际GDP的趋势成分和周期成分,对能源消费和实际GDP的趋势成分、周期成分之间的关系进行分析。结果表明,能源消费和实际GDP的趋势成分之间存在共同趋势,能源消费和实际GDP的波动成分具有相同的波动特征。最后得出结论：中国能源消费与实际GDP之间的协整关系与经济增长和能源消费的共同波动有关。     

Okun's Law Does the Austrian unemployment–GDP relationship exhibit structural breaks?

Okun's Law postulates an inverse relationship between movements of the unemployment rate and the real gross domestic product (GDP). Initial empirical estimates for US data indicate that a two to three percent GDP growth rate above the natural or average GDP growth rate causes unemployment to decrease by one percentage point and vice versa. In this investigation we check whether this postulated relationship exhibits structural breaks by means of Markov-Chain Monte Carlo methods. We estimate a regression model, where the parameters are allowed to switch between different states and the switching process is Markov. As a by-product we derive an estimate of the current state within the periods considered. Using quarterly Austrian data on unemployment and real GDP from 1977 to 1995 we infer only one state, i.e. there are no structural breaks. The estimated parameters demand for an excess GDP growth rate of 4.16% to decrease unemployment by 1 percentage point. Since only one state is inferred, we conclude that the Austrian economy exhibits a stable relationship between unemployment and GDP growth. First version received: January 2000/Final version received: October 2000     

电力消费与经济增长关系的实证研究——以河北省为例

电力以其清洁高效的特质在河北省经济社会发展中发挥着越来越重要的作用.以1995-2010年间河北省电力消费总量和实际地区生产总值两组数据为基础,运用协整理论、误差修正模型和格兰杰因果关系检验等统计计量方法,对1995年以来河北省电力消耗与经济增长之间的关系进行探讨,实证研究表明,尽管河北省电力消费与经济增长的关系在短期内具有一定波动性,但是从长期来看,两者之间存在着稳定的均衡关系,并且互为因果关系.     

中国工业部门碳排放与GDP脱钩因素影响力分析

基于Tapio脱钩模型,对2000．2008年间中国工业部门碳排放与能耗脱钩、能耗与GDP脱钩对碳排放与GDP脱钩影响力进行了实证研究。结果表明：中国工业部门在实现碳排放与GDP脱钩上取得比较显著的成绩;能耗脱钩影响力均值为正,能耗受经济驱动较小对碳排放与GDP脱钩做出了相当的贡献;排放脱钩影响力均值为负,碳排放受能耗驱动力较为明显,对工业部门碳排放与GDP脱钩产生了负向影响。为使中国工业部门在碳排放与GDP脱钩上取得更显著的效果,应加大能耗与GDP脱钩力度,同时政府应大力支持碳捕集利用与封存等低碳和零碳技术研发与应用,逐步改善碳排放与能耗整体挂钩的态势。     

我国的货币政策是否应对股价变动做出反应?

本文运用现代协整分析、误差修正模型和格兰杰因果分析等现代时间序列分析方法 ,实证考察了若干发达国家和新兴发展中国家 (地区 )股价指数和实际国内生产总值以及消费价格指数之间的动态关系 ,发现当一国股市发展到一定水平时 ,股指与实体经济间存在着较为显著的多重协整关系和双向因果关系 ;也考察了我国上证综指与实际国内生产总值之间的动态关系 ,发现股指与实体经济间存在着双重协整关系和单向因果关系 ;最后 ,通过进一步考察我国股市的财富效应和投资效应及理论分析 ,可操作性地提出了我国货币政策应对股价变动做出适时反应 ,而且当前应当做出反应的政策建议。     

重庆市天然气价格调整的经济影响

文章分别从天然气价格与可替代能源价格的定量关系、天然气的价格与其消费量的关系、天然气消费量的GDP弹性三个方面分析重庆市天然气价格调整的经济影响,然后给出相应的政策建议.     

我国能耗和能源密集型产品贸易关系分析

本文使用误差修正技术对我国1997-2007年能源消费和能源密集型产品贸易之间的相互关系进行研究.研究发现,1997-2000年,存在能源密集型产品净进口和煤炭消费间双向因果关系;2001-2007年,存在煤炭消费和能源密集型产品出口间双向因果关系.此结果反映出我国能源密集型产品的贸易结构对能源投入的依赖性,同时说明外国需求拉动可能是加剧我国近年能源消费的一个重要因素.     

CO2 emissions,economic growth,energy consumption,trade and urbanization in new EU member and candidate countries: A panel data analysis

This paper investigates the causal relationship between energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, trade openness and urbanization for a panel of new EU member and candidate countries over the period 1992–2010. Panel unit root tests, panel cointegration methods and panel causality tests are used to investigate this relationship. The main results provide evidence supporting the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. Hence, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between environment and income for the sampled countries. The results also indicate that there is a short-run unidirectional panel causality running from energy consumption, trade openness and urbanization to carbon emissions, from GDP to energy consumption, from GDP, energy consumption and urbanization to trade openness, from urbanization to GDP, and from urbanization to trade openness. As for the long-run causal relationship, the results indicate that estimated coefficients of lagged error correction term in the carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, GDP, and trade openness equations are statistically significant, implying that these four variables could play an important role in adjustment process as the system departs from the long-run equilibrium.     

The causal dynamics between renewable energy,real GDP,emissions and oil prices: evidence from OECD countries

This study extends the empirical literature on the determinants of renewable energy consumption in the case of 25 OECD countries for the period 1980–2011. Preliminary analysis suggests the presence of cross-sectional dependence within the panel data. As a result, second-generation panel unit root tests of Smith et al. (2004) and Pesaran (2007) are undertaken to find the respective variables that are integrated of order one. Panel cointegration and error correction modelling reveal that a long-run relationship exists between renewable energy consumption per capita, real GDP per capita, carbon dioxide emissions per capita and real oil prices. The long-run elasticity estimates are positive and statistically significant for real GDP per capita, carbon dioxide emissions per capita and real oil prices. The panel error correction model shows that a feedback relationship exists among the variables.     

我国能源消费分析及预测——基于变结构协整法

随着我国工业化与城市化水平不断推进,能源与经济的关系日益密切,对能源消费和经济增长关联性的研究是预测我国能源消费及需求并制定和实施能源政策的重要依据,进而影响我国宏观经济的平稳运行,因此具有十分重要的理论意义和实用价值。文章以变结构协整的视角,设定虚拟变量,对1953-2011年的我国能源消费总量与实际GDP数据进行变结构协整分析,认为1960年是结构突变点,进一步建立考虑突变点的回归模型,并与不考虑变结构的协整分析结论作对比,得出结论:我国能源消费总量与经济增长有较强的关联性,它们之间存在长期均衡关系,而且考虑变结构的协整分析结果优于不考虑变结构的分析结果。     

基于误差修正模型的能源消费与经济增长关系研究

基于误差修正模型理论,从变量的平稳性检验、变量间的因果关系检验、变量间的协整检验和误差修正模型角度,利用我国1978～2009年能源消费总量和国民生产总值数据进行实证研究,建立了能源消费与经济增长之间的长期均衡关系模型和误差修正模型;通过格兰杰因果性检验,表明能源消费与经济增长之间存在单项因果关系。数量关系模型的建立,为合理处理二者之间的关系提供了数理依据。     

The impact of government debt on the long-run natural real interest rate – a quantitative evaluation

Persistently low natural real interest rates are a problem for monetary policy and financial stability. I analyse to what extent a permanent increase in government debt that is financed by higher taxes could raise the long-run natural real interest rate. As a measurement tool, I use an incomplete markets model with capital and government bonds. Increasing the public debt/GDP ratio by one percentage point raises the real interest rate by between 0.4 and 1.5 basis points, depending on the degree of inequality generated by the model and the tax instrument used to balance the government’s budget constraint. I also show that the interest rate effect of a change in public debt/GDP predicted by the model is significantly smaller than its empirical counterpart for the US, due to the fact that the model understates the empirical fraction of households that are constrained in their consumption decision.     

能源消费与经济增长非线性关系分析：基于门限协整系统

学术界对经济增长与能源消费二者之间关系的研究,主要以线性关系假设为前提。本文在非线性框架下,利用Hansen and Seo(2002)最新发展的门限协整方法(threshold cointegration test)对中国的经济增长和能源消费两者之间的关系重新进行了检验。实证结果表明经济增长和能源消费两者之间存在非线性两机制门限协整,当对均衡的偏离小于或等于门限值-7.85时,经济增长和能源消费倾向于不向均衡状态调整,而当对均衡的偏离大于门限值-7.85时,他们都倾向于向均衡状态调整,并且能源消费的调整速度大于经济增长调整的速度。     

Agricultural and monetary shocks before the great depression: A graph-theoretic causal investigation

This paper uses graph-theoretic methods to investigate the causal relationships between agriculture, money, interest rates, prices, and real GDP in 12 countries during the years 1869–1929. We find that agricultural production directly and indirectly causes real GDP in two-thirds of the cases. Monetary shocks also play an important causal role in about half the cases, but unlike agriculture, the causal links are usually indirect through other variables to real GDP. The direct causal link between money and prices is also particularly strong. Between 1869 and 1929, money causes prices in nearly all of the countries in the sample.     

A contribution of foreign direct investment,clean energy,trade openness,carbon emissions and economic growth to energy demand in UAE

This paper investigates the relationship between foreign direct investment, clean energy, trade openness, carbon emissions and economic growth in case of UAE covering the period of 1975Q1–2011Q4. We have tested the unit properties of variables in the presence of structural breaks. The ARDL bounds testing approach is applied to examine the cointegration by accommodating structural breaks stemming in the series. The VECM Granger causality approach is also applied to investigate the causal relationship between the variables. Our empirical findings confirm the existence of cointegration between the series. We find that foreign direct investment, trade openness and carbon emissions decline energy demand. Economic growth and clean energy have positive impact on energy consumption.     

Research output and economic growth in G7 countries: new evidence from asymmetric panel causality testing

Recent studies have shown increasing interest on the relationship between research output and economic growth. The study of such a relationship is not only of theoretical interest, but it can also influence specific policies to improve the quality, and probably the quantity of research output. This article has studied this relationship in G7 countries using the asymmetric panel causality test of Hatemi-J (2011). Our results show that only the UK shows a causal relationship from the output of research to real GDP. However, when the signs of variations are taken into account, there is an asymmetric causality running from negative research output shocks to negative real GDP shocks.