Farm Household Production Efficiency: Evidence from The Gambia

This article investigates the economic efficiency of farm households, with an application to The Gambia. The efficiency analysis is conducted not at the farm level but at the household level, thus capturing the importance of off-farm activities. Output-based measures of technical, allocative, and scale efficiency are generated using nonparametric measurements. An econometric analysis of factors affecting the efficiency indexes is then conducted using a Tobit model. Technical efficiency is fairly high indicating that access to technology is not a severe constraint for most farm households. The cost of scale inefficiency is modest. Allocative inefficiency by contrast is found to be important for the majority of farm households. On the basis of the Tobit results, imperfections in markets for financial capital and nonfarm employment contribute to significant allocative inefficiency.     

Optimal Production Tax and Quota under Time Consistent Trade Policies

This article investigates the policy active importers' incentives and welfare implications of using production and trade policies in a dynamic framework where production decisions occur before consumption decisions. We show that the equilibrium for production taxes and quotas are not equivalent, and that each equilibrium depends on whether the trade policy instruments are tariffs or quotas. Under import quotas, the equilibrium policy is to tax domestic production, whereas under a tariff either a production tax or subsidy may be optimal. We also show that a collective agreement to ban production policies is likely to be welfare-improving in many circumstances.     

Are Household Production Decisions Cooperative? Evidence on Pastoral Migration and Milk Sales from Northern Kenya

Market-based development efforts frequently create opportunities to generate income from goods previously produced and consumed within the household. Production within the household is often characterized by a gender and age division of labor. Market development efforts to improve well-being may lead to unanticipated outcomes if household production decisions are noncooperative. We develop and test models of household decision making to investigate intrahousehold decision making in a nomadic pastoral setting from Kenya. Our results suggest that household decisions are contested, with husbands using migration decisions to resist wives' ability to market milk.     

中国农村收入不平等：运用农户数据的回归分解

关于中国收入不平等及其增长趋势，已有大量研究报道，但对促使这一趋势产生的原因的定量分析却很少。传统分析是通过对组成因素或小部分居民的研究来提供很有限的关于收入不平等的决定因素。本文构建了运用农户数据的回归分解框架来研究中国农村收入不平等。研究发现：地理位置是影响收入不平等的突出因素，但对于解释收入不平等总量并不是很重要；资本在收入不平等中显出很重要的作用。农业结构比劳动力和其他投入更能解释导致整个农村出现收入不平等这一现象。     

我国农村居民收入分配差距新变化

本文利用最新中国家庭收入调查数据,分析2013—2018年我国农村居民收入分配的新状况,使用无条件分位数回归方法,讨论农村收入差距变化的主要原因。研究发现,2013—2018年我国农村居民收入显著增长,农村内部收入差距呈现一定的扩大趋势。市场化收入贡献率下降是农村内部差距上升的主要原因,低收入群体市场化收入增速下降、高收入群体要素回报率上升,导致这一时期农村收入差距有所扩大。本文建议加大政策扶持力度,稳定农产品市场价格,促进低收入群体收入稳定增长。要充分发挥农村高收入群体的作用,带动低收入农民致富增收,并有效缩小农村收入差距。     

不平等度量与分解及在农民收入差距问题中应用

介绍了不平等概念的内容及历史演进、国内外对于不平等的测度指标及分解方法,并介绍了不平等的分解方法在中国农民收入差别研究方面的应用。在此基础上总结了学术界对于回归和模型应用的新进展。     

土地托管、总收益与种粮意愿——兼业农户粮食增效与务工增收视角

目前兼业种粮户仍是我国重要的粮食种植主体。比较效益低是兼业农户选择"粗放种粮、少种粮、抛荒不种粮"的直接诱因。土地托管服务可以帮助兼业农户种粮,在提高兼业户种粮净收益的同时,更为农户腾出时间务工增加收入,"种粮+务工"的总收益增加,兼业农户在务工的同时会选择请人继续种粮、种好粮。为提高土地托管服务能力,必须坚持农民土地承包权、使用权、收益权等权能不变;必须处理好各方利益关系,让利于民;必须选好龙头企业;加大政府扶持。     

林地资源与农户林业收入的分析

首先对林地资源与林业收入的关系进行理论分析,然后运用福建省顺昌县农户林业收入的调查数据,分别对农户林地资源的数量、林地资源的经营类型与林业收入的关系进行实证分析。研究结果表明:林地资源是农户参与林业收入分配的重要形式;农户林地资源数量越多,其家庭林业收入也越高;农户林地资源的经营类型不同,其家庭林业收入也不同;竹林经营和经济林经营对目前农户林业收入的增加具有显著的影响。     

全面停伐政策对国有林区居民家庭收入的影响

基于2014—2017年对东北、内蒙古国有林区的调研数据,采用双重差分模型(DID)评估全面停伐政策对国有林区居民家庭的人均工资性收入和家庭人均收入的影响。研究结果表明:全面停伐政策的实施对林区居民家庭人均工资性收入和人均收入均存在消极影响;家中有人在其他企事业单位上班有利于促进国有林区居民家庭人均工资性收入和人均收入的增长;从事农林经营不利于国有林区居民家庭人均工资性收入增长,虽然通过获得农林经营收入可以在一定程度上填补工资性收入的减少,但是对家庭人均收入无显著消极影响。因此,建议国家林业与草原局对国有林区居民家庭进行专项资金扶持;转岗分流安排富余劳动力;改变国有林区居民保守的就业观念并鼓励自主创业等。     

2008年退耕还林农户社会经济效益监测报告

文章以1998～2008年全国100个退耕还林县的1165户退耕农户监测数据为基础,反映了延长期退耕补助政策落实和金融危机对退耕农户外出务工等情况,深入分析了10年退耕还林政策对农户的微观影响。研究结果表明:退耕还林政策对农户生计产生深刻影响,陡坡耕种大幅度减少,退耕补助显著增加农户收入,巩固退耕还林成果、增加农户收入面临农业直补等新挑战,国家应明确退耕还林在国家生态战略中的定位,实现农户增收与生态保护的长期双赢。     

Technology Adoption under Production Uncertainty: Theory and Application to Irrigation Technology

We propose a theoretical framework to analyze the conditions under which a farmer facing production uncertainty (due to a possible water shortage) and incomplete information will adopt a more efficient irrigation technology. A reduced form of this model is empirically estimated using a sample of 265 farms located in Crete, Greece. The empirical results suggest that farmers choose to adopt the new technology in order to hedge against production risk. In addition, we show that the farmer's human capital also plays a significant role in the decision to adopt modern, more efficient irrigation equipment.     

收入不平等对农村居民健康的影响——基于相对剥夺的微观视角验证

收入不平等对居民健康的影响是造成收入增长与健康变化不一致的重要原因,这一点已经得到学术界的广泛认可,但是在微观层面还未得出一致结论并缺乏进一步的机制讨论。本文采用客观和主观个体相对剥夺来衡量个体收入不平等,利用2010—2018年中国家庭追踪调查面板数据,从心理途径、资源配置以及社会凝聚三方面分析并验证收入相对剥夺对健康的影响和机制。研究发现:客观个体相对剥夺程度越高,农村居民的自评健康和心理健康状况就越差,主观相对剥夺程度越高还会损害身体健康,采取工具变量控制双向因果关系后的结果仍然稳健。同时,上述影响在男性、中老年组、非农工作者以及在低收入、高收入的群体中更为明显。并且,相对剥夺的拉大主要通过增加个体负面情绪、降低其对医疗资源的可得性以及降低社会凝聚力三种路径损害个体健康水平。     

2020年农民增收:新冠肺炎疫情的影响与应对建议

新冠肺炎疫情将从多个渠道、多重方式对今年农民增收带来严重冲击,其中对工资性收入影响尤为突出。疫情在全球加速扩散,对全球经济贸易增长冲击严重,通过全球供应链影响我国产业经营和农民就业,今年后期农民持续增收挑战巨大。本文认为必须统筹疫情防控和经济社会发展两线作战;加快中小企业复工复产,实施文化旅游产业振兴,加大创新创业支持,恢复和稳定农民就业增收;创新农产品产销对接,实施产业提升工程,提升风险治理能力,稳住和促进农业经营增收;加强国际疫情研判,抓紧做好防范应对,稳住农民增收基础。要对标问题、攻坚克难、系统发力,通过一揽子政策助力农民持续增收,力争如期实现全面建成小康社会和全面打赢脱贫攻坚战目标。     

龙川县农民收入的现状、问题与增收途径探讨

广东省龙川县近年来农民收入稳步增长,但与发达地区相比,农民收入的总量和增幅还有很大的差距,要提高增收幅度,就必须拓宽农民工资性收入渠道,加快农业产业化的步伐,大力发展农村二、三产业经济,以较大幅度地增加农民收入。     

Local versus Global Separability in Agricultural Household Models: The Factor Price Equalization Effect of Land Transfer Rights

Commonly employed global tests for separability between production and consumption decisions are theoretically inappropriate when the market failures creating non–separabilities differentially constrain some, but not all households. Simulated maximum likelihood estimates using Chinese panel data reject the restrictions implied by a global separability test in favor of regime–specific or local separability tests. The estimates also show that a global approach to separability obscures the significant effect that less–encumbered land transfer rights would have on shadow factor price equalization across households and allocative efficiency. The findings on transfer rights suggest a resolution to the debate in China on further property rights reform.     

油田累积产油量统计建模——以河南油田为例

通过对河南油田某些断块累积产油量构建统计模型,证明统计模型在油田产油量预测中应用的有效性。针对研究区内不同区块累积产油量数据的统计特征,分别采用了时间序列分析,多元线性回归分析方法进行研究。结果表明,统计建模方法构建的累积产油量模型能达到较好的模拟效果。     

我国农村劳动力转移背景下粮食增产对策研究

分析农村劳动力转移对粮食生产的不利影响,基于资源要素优化配置角度,提出加快推动农业机械化、人力资源开发和粮食科技推广,进而实现农村劳动力转移的替代,以有效可持续实现粮食增产.     

农地不同流转去向对转出户收入的影响——来自江苏省的证据

本文利用江苏省村庄和农户两个层面的调查数据,分析农地不同流转去向(流转给小规模农户还是流转给规模经营主体)对转出户收入的影响,进而考察农地流转给规模经营主体相较于流转给小规模农户的增收效果。研究发现:与流转给小规模农户相比,将农地流转给规模经营主体未能显著提高转出户的收入。具体而言,农地流转给规模经营主体对转出户的增收效果仅体现为增加农地租金(进而增加农业收入),但其增收部分缘于农业补贴被人为地计为农地租金而非转移性收入,这使转出户报告的转移性收入反而更低。而且,农地流转给规模经营主体虽有利于农业规模经营的发展,但并未起到促进转出户提高非农收入和总收入的作用。这可能是因为转出户的非农就业整体上已经较为充分,非农收入占比普遍已较高,且部分地区农地向规模经营主体流转是地方政府以行政方式推动的结果。     

Resource Management under Production and Output Price Uncertainty: Implications for Environmental Policy

Various environmental policies have been proposed to control agricultural runoff of nutrients and pesticides. The impacts of these policies on input use are complicated because of the various sources of uncertainty farmers face and the precise nature of farmers' risk attitude. A risk–averse farmer's response to changed profit , input , and output taxes under output price and production uncertainty is examined. The impact of these policies on input use depends on the form of production uncertainty, risk–input relationships, risk attitudes, and degrees of output price and production uncertainty. These results have implications for the design and implementation of environmental and other production–related policies.