论第三方支付机构客户备付金及其孳息的所有权的归属及行使

网络交易市场的不断增长,第三方支付方式的使用日益广泛,第三方支付机构所管理的客户备付金也不断增多。法理上,第三方支付机构客户备付金及其孳息的所有权应该由第三方支付机构的客户所享有;实际上,第三方支付机构客户备付金的孳息难以分配给其所有者。设立一个第三方机构代表第三方支付机构客户行使所有权,并完善相关立法,不失为解决这一问题的最好的途径。     

中国居民储蓄行为不确定性与外汇储备——在Ramsay模型下对中国经济失衡的微观分析

基于当前中国消费者具有不确定性预期和因缺乏成熟金融市场而存在着借贷约束等两大基本特征事实,本文通过构造一个缓冲存货模型,论证指出当本国的经济增长率小于一个特定的临界值时,居民储蓄率将与本国经济增长率呈正比例变动,而本国的外汇储备也会不断积累。这不仅解释了中国的"高储蓄之谜",也解释了其不断积累的外汇储备,从而为自20世纪90年代以来中国经济的内外部失衡提供了一个微观解释基础。据本文推测,在其他条件保持不变的情况下,如果中国经济继续保持7%的增长率,则外汇储备将有可能在2015年突破5万亿美元。据此,本文给出了相应的政策建议。     

我国军用网络安全策略的分析与研究

随着我国互联网事业的飞速发展,网络在军事领域的应用也日渐广泛,给国防科研和广大官兵上网学习提供了极大方便的同时,其安全和保密性也成了迫切需要解决的问题。本文对我国军网现状的结构,保密系统及安全策略进行剖析,提出了优化军网拓扑结构,使用自主研发系统和软件以及实名制身份认证上网等安全策略以提高军网安全级别。     

Capital in British banking, 1920–1970

British banks have long attached great importance to capital. Currently they are subject to greater scrutiny and regulation on this issue than ever before. However, it was not until the disclosure of ‘hidden reserves’ in 1970 that a true picture of British banks' capital emerged. This article uses archival evidence to reveal the capital ratios of several major banks for much of the twentieth century, and demonstrates how these ratios were influenced by official restrictions. Overall the banks maintained much higher levels of capital than implied by their published accounts, although the impact of official restrictions was to force them to operate with lower capital ratios than they desired. But it is argued that capital ratios were neither achieved nor maintained at the expense of reduced or less risky lending.     

当前国有银行改革的政策风险与政策启示--兼论外汇储备注资的货币扩张效应

当前以外汇储备注资开始的国有银行改革试点蕴含着很高的政策风险.在微观层面,政府所有(或控制)的股权结构能否衍生出健康良好的银行公司治理机制,能否真正划清政府与银行之间的界限,本身存在疑问;在宏观层面,货币化的操作方式会加剧甚至诱发宏观不稳定.国有银行的风险归根结底是一种系统性的制度风险,是一种道德风险,最终要通过全面的体制转轨和健康、持续的经济增长来消化.     

预算稳定调节基金:财政储备还是预算调节

预算稳定基金一般被认为是逆周期财政政策的重要工具,而在中国,引入预算稳定调节基金,首先是为了解决财政超收的治理问题,同时也承担着财政应急储备的功能。政策效用的多重性,为预算稳定调节基金这一工具提供了坚实的基础和充分的空间,但也给其自身运行带来许多矛盾和争论。随着预算稳定调节基金写入预算法,究竟是财政储备还是预算调节,基金的性质和走向已然成为当前迫切需要明确的现实问题。本文从财政储备调节理论出发,结合我国的财政预算管理实践,对预算稳定调节机制的产生、运行及其效果进行了分析,提出我国的预算稳定调节基金应尽可能更多地发挥预算调节作用,同时具备一定的应急储备功能。当前,预算稳定调节基金应尽快制定完善管理办法、规范运行。     

浅析高校军事理论课程教学存在的问题与对策--以西藏大学为例

军事理论课程教学是大学生思想政治教育和国防教育的重要内容,要提高军事理论课程的教学质量,不仅要建立一支高水平的教师队伍,还要在积极改进教学内容,改善教学方法,完善教学机构等方面进行改革以提高军事理论课程的教学质量。     

软件无线电技术在军事上的应用评述

本文较为详细地概述了软件无线电技术在国外军事领域开展应用的情况,并列举了典型的系统和计划,阐明了软件无线电技术的未来发展前景。     

Organizing for disaster: Lessons from the military

Recent global events have highlighted the need for disaster planning by leaders in all types of organizations, civilian and military included. This article illustrates, from both academic and personal viewpoints, lessons learned during relief operations for the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan. Having participated in this effort, I detail guidance for designing resilient and robust organizational structures that can deal with the uncertainties of a disaster environment. For example, organizations frequently form temporary command centers to improve information flow in a crisis. Consequently, managers are advised to create temporary organizational structures with a common cognitive map to improve sense-making for employees during turbulent times. Other lessons presented include the establishment of a nuanced priority system for assessing potential courses of action, and the need to eliminate bureaucratic barriers to action to improve the speed of response when lives are at stake. This article concludes by pointing out that proper organizational structures need to be considered prior to disaster in order for organizations to be effective and efficient during the course of a mitigation effort.     

Combating the effects of turnover: Military lessons learned from project teams rebuilding Iraq

The literature concerning turnover has traditionally been composed of studies and analyses which assume that turnover rates are malleable, and can be reduced. We take the opposite position and contend that turnover rates for certain organizations are not variable, but rather remain fixed. Is it possible, then, to reduce the deleterious effects of turnover without reducing the actual churn of individuals? To answer this question, we draw from experiences of the U.S. military during Operation Iraqi Freedom, in order to learn from its methods of dealing with high personnel turnover during the management of projects. Specifically, we offer four best practices that reduce the negative effects of turnover, while allowing the rate itself to remain constant. These best practices aim toward sharing the knowledge and mental models critical for sustained operations, to insulate the organization against the departure of key personnel. Herein, we demonstrate how efficient operations can be maintained amidst high churn rates.     

机械创新设计在军用电子设备结构设计中的应用

现代高技术战争对军用电子设备结构提出了更多、更高的要求,机械创新设计能满足其要求。文中阐述了机械创新设计的概念、内容、特点、目标,分析了军用电子设备结构创新设计的方法和过程,给出了设计实例。     

中国财税改革战略思路选择研究

中国亟需一次根本性的财税改革。财税改革需在认清改革的历史使命的基础之上全方位推进。财税改革必须适应经济全球化的要求,促进全球经济治理和社会发展;财税改革应有利于合理的国民收入分配格局的形成。财税改革新共识的形成,将有助于改革的顺利推进。     

发展我国空基通信网初探

空基通信同是由航空通信系统平台和航天通信系统平台组成的一个协调统一的通信网络。它能保证军事通信系统受到敌方软硬攻击后仍有部分生存能力。本文在分析海湾战争中所采用的空基通信系统(网)以后,讨论了这种通信网的基本构成及其在未来战争中的作用,最后对如何发展我国的空基通信网提出一些建议。     

中国政府资产负债核算的理论与实践问题

通过编制政府资产负债表,提供完备的数据基础和翔实的核算信息,分析政府运行风险,对于维护国家经济安全和金融稳定具有重要的应用价值。从编制现状看,已有的研究对我国政府资产负债表核算进行了积极探索,但编制政府资产负债表的核算理论基础不完备,尚未建立完整的核算体系。在当前的经济发展阶段,中国政府层级与组织结构的复杂性,增加了中国政府资产负债核算理论体系构建的困难程度。本文从政府部门的定义与内涵、资产负债范围划分与分类、核算原则的确定、核算理论体系与国民经济核算(SNA)衔接等几个方面,研究构建中国政府资产负债核算理论体系需要解决的问题以及存在的困难,旨在为下一步构建具有中国特色的政府资产负债核算基本理论体系提供重要基础,并从流量和存量的结合、分析框架建设、数据基础治理、隐性债务和或有负债等视角提出了思路,以期为政府资产负债表的编制及应用提供理论指导。     

现代设计方法在军用电子设备结构设计中的应用

本文阐述了通过应用计算机辅助设计、模块化设计、并行工程、价值工程等现代设计方法而使结构设计更好地满足电子设备的研制、生产的需要。     

神经网络的基本特征及其在军事通信领域中的应用前景

<正> 随着世界经济的缓慢复苏,1992年世界贸易取得了较快的增长,全年的增长率虽然尚未揭晓,但是据国际权威机构的预测,1992年世界贸易的增长率可望从1991年的3％上升到5.6％,几乎增长了90％,远远超过了世界经济从1991年的1％上升到1992年的1.5％的增长速度。由于世界贸易是世界经济的发动机,它的快速发展必然会推动世界经济的发展步伐。西方一些预测机构对于1993年世界经济发展前景均持较为乐观的态度,预计1993年世界经济增长率将上升到3％左右。如果这个预测数字能成为现实,那么,世界经济加速增长对世界贸易发展也会起促进作用,将     

“Your forward is our reverse, your right, our wrong”: rethinking multinational planning processes in light of national culture

Planning processes are potentially important governance mechanisms in multinational enterprises (MNEs). However, the complex multi-level and multi-cultural nature of these organizations may result in compatibility or clashes of culture between the various units of the MNE with respect to planning processes. In this theory building paper we develop a model that outlines how national culture will affect planning processes at both home and host country levels. This framework is applied to show how different planning outcomes may emerge due to these cultural differences. Finally, aspects of language, nontraditional structures, implications and limitations of the model are also discussed.     

RESPONDING TO DISRUPTIONS IN THE SUPPLY NETWORK‐FROM DORMANT TO ACTION

Managing risks in supply networks is a complex task; more so in those supply networks where the core competence lies in dealing with natural disasters, complex emergencies, and large‐scale attacks—namely those of humanitarian, and military organizations where the price of failure can be counted in terms of the loss of life rather than, simply, reduced profits. This conceptual article examines the capabilities of these supply networks to manage such disruptions, based on their resource configuration in a dormant preparation state. The article concludes by presenting how different types of supply networks can manage large‐scale disruptions.     

Formal volunteering: a cross-national test

In this paper, we integrate disparate literatures to contribute to a better cross-national understanding of formal volunteering. We propose that three forms of capital, namely human (country wealth and country education), social (collectivism and liberal democracy) and cultural capital (religiosity) are related to formal volunteering. We use Hierarchical Linear Modeling to test our hypotheses on 38,119 individuals from 21 countries. Our results show all forms of capital (country wealth, country education, religiosity, societal collectivism and liberal democracy) have positive relationships with formal volunteering. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.