大气污染对人体健康影响的经济损失研究

采用修正人力资本法,分析大气污染对人体健康影响的经济损失的影响因素,估算大气污染引起的过早死亡人力资本损失和大气污染造成的慢性支气管炎发病人力资本损失,并以广东省为例,估算出大气污染对人体健康影响的经济损失约为112.1亿元。     

人才外流理论研究新进展

本文首先分析了劳动力外流的福利净损失，介绍了新古典主义移民理论及其局限性；其次，介绍了信息不对称理论和空间经济学在国际人才流动研究领域的应用，分析了异质性劳动和信息不对称条件下国际移民的筛选功能和高素质人才外流的经济损失；再次，介绍了“人才外流有益”论或“修正主义”的新人才流失经济学，分析了人才外流的积极作用，即汇款效应、回迁效应、移民网络效应和增智效应：最后．揭示了“人才外流有益”论的内在缺陷．     

东北地区人力资本对区域经济增长影响研究

东北地区人力资本存量相对较低,专业人才外流严重,人力资本投资不足。针对这些问题,东北地区必须增加人力资本储备量,加大人力资本投资力度,吸引人力资源流入。同时,东北三省应共同进行人才开发及人力资本投资合作,以促进东北地区经济快速增长。     

城镇化:经济可持续增长的新引擎——基于人力资本积累的角度

结合中国城镇化的特点,对贝克尔的人力资本模型和罗默的内生增长模型进行了调整,并以此为基础分析了城镇化通过人力资本积累影响经济增长的机制和作用效果. 研究发现,城镇化将从成本和收益两个方面影响人力资本投资决策,带来平均受教育年限的增加和人力资本专业化程度的提高,增加人力资本积累,并最终促进经济的可持续增长. 在此基础上,利用2005~2012年全国31个省份的面板数据对城镇化、人力资本积累与经济增长之间的关系进行了实证分析. 结果显示,通过人力资本积累这一途径,城镇化水平提高可以极大地促进经济增长.     

内生经济增长理论框架下的市场失效与财政政策

内生经济增长理论认为,知识和人力资本的外部效应与创新带来的垄断势力推动经济增长的同时,也会带来非帕雷托最优的经济增长收入分配的不公平,将阻碍经济增长;加快知识和人力资本积累、促进技术进步以及缓解收入分配不公平的财政政策能纠正市场失效,使长期经济增长达到社会最优.     

中国经济增长的周期与波动的研究-引入人力资本后的RBC模型

该文以中国经济五十年(1952-2001年)实际经济数据为背景,在基本 RBC 模型中引入人力资本,考虑内生物质资本和人力资本的利用率来研究中国经济增长和波动的形成.内生人力资本利用率从根本上揭示了经济增长波动的内在传播机制.该文指出传统的单纯以物质资本利用率为基础解释波动机制的观点不足以充分解释波动的形成.而在引入人力资本及其利用率之后,连同物质资本才能真正解释经济增长波动机制的形成.     

人力资本对哈尔滨经济发展的影响

哈尔滨在人力资本方面具有优势,但实际上人力资本对哈尔滨经济增长的贡献度较小.制约哈尔滨人力资本发挥经济效用的因素主要有人力资本利用效率低下、人力资本与物质资本的比例关系不合理、人力资本存量结构不合理、人力资本配置不合理、人才流失现象比较严重等.为促进经济增长方式的转变,哈尔滨应积极发挥人力资本优势:应有效配置和合理使用人力资源;应根据产业结构确立人力资本培育方向;人力资本投资与物质资本投资应协调发展.     

自然灾害对吉林省经济增长的影响

自然灾害对吉林省经济增长的影响较大,自然灾害损失与国民经济损失的变化成正比例关系。自然灾害损失高的年份,国民经济损失也相对较高,自然灾害损失低的年份,国民经济损失也相对较低。自然灾害对一个地区的经济增长具有较大的负面影响,给该地区的经济发展带来了巨大的困难,不利于整个经济系统的正常运行。若能够采取有效的防灾减灾措施,降低自然灾害的发生频率和影响范围,总损失能够大幅度的减少,吉林省的经济也能够更加快速的发展。     

自然灾害对长期经济增长的影响

本文构建了一个包含自然灾害的两部门内生增长模型。研究发现,自然灾害对长期增长的影响幅度取决于其造成的人力资本存量损失。同时,灾害发生会促使经济主体更多地投资于人力资本。本文应用跨国数据分析了自然灾害风险、经济增长和人力资本投资间的长期关系,发现自然灾害对宏观经济活动有重要影响,并主要通过影响人力资本投资行为发生作用。     

ESOP与外贸企业职工持股的实证分析

20世纪50年代美国一些经济学家在解释美国经济增长时,发现在考虑了物质资本和劳动力增长后,有很大一部分经济增长因素无法解释。着名经济学家舒尔茨、明塞及后来的贝克尔等人把这一无法解释的部分归之于人力资本,从而掀起了人力资本“革命”,舒尔茨和贝克尔还因此荣获了诺贝尔经济学奖。所谓人力资本,是指知识、技能、资历、经验和熟练程度、健康等的总称,代表人的能力和天资。人力资本的显着标志在于它既是人自身的一部分,同时又是一种资本,是未来收入的源泉。在舒尔茨看来,人力资本与物质资本既有同质性,又有异质性。同质性表现在两者都有资本属性,都能带来收益;异质性在于两者的收益率是不同的。     

Brain drain,illegal migration and capital exports from less developed economies: a neoclassical approach

This model shows that LDC's brain drain triggers emigration of unskilled labor and capital exports, skilled workers and agricultural capitalists gain, unskilled workers and industrial capitalists lose, and demodernization of the economy results. Demodernization of the economy occurs when labor force and output of the industrial sector decrease, and employment and production in agriculture increase. The problem analyzed in this model is what happens to the incomes of those who are left behind when some of the skilled workers migrate abroad. The results show that with the exodus of both skilled labor and capital, the marginal productivity of unskilled workers in industry also falls below the unskilled wage. Although one would expect a brain drain to result in gains for those skilled workers who remain in the source country, and for the capital owners who receive unskilled workers as a result of emigration, the losers are the unskilled workers and the capitalists in the sector where the migrants worked.     

新疆科技人才外流影响因素研究

科技人才的大量流失严重制约了新疆地区的经济社会发展.本文利用新疆科技工作者抽样调查数据,采用二元Logistic模型及对数线性模型对科技工作者流失意愿的影响因素及交互作用进行实证分析.研究结果显示,学历、年龄、职称、政治面貌、生态环境、社会治安、检索科技文献资料难易程度、进修培训工作满意度和科研经费管理制度的满意度对科技人才流失均有显著影响.     

The brain drain and the world distribution of income

Skilled emigration (or brain drain) from developing to developed countries is becoming the dominant pattern of international migration today. Such migration is likely to affect the world distribution of income both directly, through the mobility of people, and indirectly, as the prospect of migration affects the rate of return to education in both the sending and receiving economies. This migration pattern will therefore affect human capital accumulation and fertility decisions in both the sending and receiving economies. This paper analyzes these effects in a dynamic two country model of the world economy where agents in both countries make optimal fertility and human capital decisions. The implications of the analysis for the world distribution of income are derived in the light of recent empirical findings of the brain drain literature. The analysis shows that the current trend towards predominantly skilled emigration from poor to rich countries may in the long run increase inequality in the world distribution of income as relatively poor countries grow large in terms of population. In the short run however, it is possible for world inequality to fall due to rises in GDP per capita in large developing economies with sufficiently low skilled emigration rates.     

Trans-boundary Pollution and Brain Drain Migration

The economic effects of international brain drain migration in the presence of trans‐boundary pollution are analyzed. In autarky, both skilled and unskilled workers are expected to migrate from the less developed foreign country to the developed home country, if permitted. Surprisingly, under certain conditions, all workers, apart from skilled foreign ones, will gain (lose) from the migration of unskilled (skilled) foreign workers. Moreover, if skilled foreign workers are employed as unskilled domestic workers, then skilled foreign workers will gain but unskilled workers in both countries will lose. Whether or not skilled domestic workers will gain depends on the magnitude of the pollution spillover parameter. Brain drain migration persists under free trade if the demand for manufactured goods is strong.     

Brain drain and income distribution

In a context in which increased income inequality has raised much concern, and skilled workers move easily across countries, an important question arises: how does the brain drain affect income distribution in the source economy? We address this question and introduce two contributions to the literature on brain drain. First, we present and solve a simple stylized model to study whether and, if so, how the brain drain affects the distribution of income, in a context in which higher education is publicly financed with general taxes. Second, we explore empirically the effect of an increase in skilled emigration on income distribution. A key prediction of our theoretical model is the existence of a non-monotonic relationship between income inequality and emigration of skilled workers. Our empirical data confirm this result, showing a statistically significant inverse U-shaped form.     

Can a brain drain be good for growth in the source economy?

"This paper analyzes the interaction between income distribution, human capital accumulation and migration. It shows that when migration is not a certainty, a brain drain may increase average productivity and equality in the source economy even though average productivity is a positive function of past average levels of human capital in an economy. It is also shown how the temporary possibility of emigration may permanently increase the average level of productivity of an economy."     

Emigration and welfare in an economy with foreign capital

Discussion of the brain drain problem in the 1970s sparked considerable theoretical research upon the effects of emigration. In many cases, it has been determined that emigration reduces the level of welfare of the remaining residents in the source country, regardless of whether or not human capital is exported. In an economy producing traded and non-traded goods. Rivera-Batiz demonstrated that the level of welfare of the remaining residents declines as a consequence of emigration or at most remains unchanged. This paper generalizes the Rivera-Batiz model in another direction to examine the effects of emigration upon the welfare of remaining residents when foreign capital is employed in the economy. In contrast to other earlier studies, it is found that emigration improves the welfare of remaining residents if both they and the migrants have identical preferences and factor endowments. The author also compares the welfare implications of remittance flows back to the source country when they are used to finance consumption and when they are used to finance capital accumulation.     

Testing the ‘brain gain’ hypothesis: Micro evidence from Cape Verde

Does emigration really drain human capital accumulation in origin countries? This paper explores a unique household survey designed and conducted to answer this research question. We analyze the case of Cape Verde, a country with allegedly the highest ‘brain drain’ in Africa, despite a marked record of income and human capital growth in recent decades. We propose the first explicit test of ‘brain drain’ arguments, according to which the prospects of own future migration can positively impact educational attainment. Our most conservative estimates using individual specific variation in economic conditions at the destination indicate that a 10 pp increase in the probability of own future migration improves the probability of completing intermediate secondary schooling by nearly 4 pp for individuals who do not migrate before age 16. These findings are robust to the choice of instruments and econometric specification. Counterfactual simulations point to significant human capital gains from lowering migration barriers.     

中小民营企业人才流失现状及对策研究

中小民营企业占我国企业的绝大多数,在我国经济社会发展过程中扮演着重要角色,是我国经济发展的重要组成部分。近年来,随着人才竞争的加剧,这类企业人才流失现象严重,已成为影响和制约其进一步发展的重要障碍。在借鉴国内外学术界关于人才流动影响因素研究成果的基础上,探讨分析了我国中小民营企业人才流失的现状和成因,提出通过树立以人为本的管理理念,建立公正的用人机制、全方位的激励机制和科学的考评体系,提供充足的发展空间以及加强企业文化建设等措施。增强人才对企业的认同感和归属感,达到减少人才流失和促进企业发展的目的。     

The mobility of highly skilled human capital in Taiwan

Most economists agree that a country's economic growth depends on human capital, physical capital, technology, and several other minor inputs. Human capital is the basic wealth of every country. Highly skilled workers are the most important component of human capital. Human capital can have a positive spillover effect on society. When talented young people leave their native country to work elsewhere, this brain drain inhibits the country's economic growth. Several factors contribute to brain drain. These can be classified roughly into three categories: economic, academic and personal. Economic factors play the most important role. From the early 1960s to the late 1980s, Taiwan suffered a brain drain when many people who had earned advanced degrees in western countries chose to leave Taiwan to work elsewhere. In this study's statistical analysis, I show that Taiwan's economy is based in past on an effective labour force and explain why Taiwan's economy has grown over the past 30 years. With the improved economy in the 1990s, young people are increasingly choosing to return to or remain in Taiwan to work and live. As Taiwan's economy improves, its highly skilled labour market becomes more competitive.