珠三角地区多产品生产企业的区位研究

随着中国城市化的发展,制造业与服务业、最终产品与中间产品生产企业以及单产品与多产品生产企业在城市的布局与集聚出现了许多新的特点。为了分析这些不同类型的行业布局特征及其对城市增长的影响,论文选择珠三角城市群的多产品生产企业在城市之间的布局和在代表性城市内部的布局为研究对象,运用经济地理学与产业经济学的基本理论和我们调查的数据分析珠三角地区多产品生产企业的布局特征及其对企业本身范围经济与城市增长的影响。得出的结论是:珠三角城市群多产品生产企业的集聚效应明显,多样化水平高;珠三角城市群多产品生产企业为了使企业能更好地发展壮大,会选择制造业集聚的地方进行生产,以达到实现企业规模经济和范围经济的目的。     

国际贸易与对外直接投资互补关系的一种解释

以垂直型跨国企业为研究对象,假定中间产品贸易仅以跨国企业内部贸易的形式实现,这样,企业对外直接投资的决策,必然导致中间产品和最终产品贸易的增加,显示了对外投资与贸易之间的互补关系。这种互补关系的基础在于,FDI对企业水平规模经济、外部经济和动态规模经济的影响,简单的实例提供了一种经验证据。     

产业集聚、公共服务供给与城市规模扩张

本文基于中国工业企业数据和城市面板数据,从产业集聚和公共服务供给的综合视角探讨了城市人口规模扩张的影响机制。结果显示,专业化集聚和多样化集聚均有助于提高本市人口规模,但对周边城市却产生了负向空间外溢效应,且专业化集聚的作用效果明显大于多样化集聚;公共服务供给不仅提高了本市和周边城市人口规模,而且能够在城市人口增长中与产业集聚形成协同效应。进一步研究发现,民生类公共服务对城市人口规模增长的作用效果明显大于基础设施类公共服务,且产业集聚模式越符合当地优势条件,其集聚效应和空间外溢效应发挥得就越充分。其中,专业化集聚主要基于第一自然集聚优势、劳动力蓄水池效应和制造业中间投入的空间共享机制而发挥作用,而多样化集聚则主要基于中间服务的空间共享机制和空间技术外溢效应而产生影响。在适宜性产业集聚和公共服务供给的双重作用下,多数Ⅰ型及以上大城市拥挤效应得到明显缓解,依然具有很强的人口吸纳能力;Ⅱ型大城市和中小城市的产业集聚模式与城市规模特征更为匹配,有助于扭转结构错配、持续推进人口城市化。     

经济结构变化和经济增长

本文试图从生产技术角度构建一个多部门的经济增长模型,同时容纳Kuznets事实和Kaldor事实。模型经济由最终部门和多个中间部门组成,最终产品由各中间产品以CES函数形式生产。各中间部门的技术增长率不同,而这种差异引起经济结构变化,并导致中间产品的相对价格变化,进而决定各中间部门之间要素流动和产值相对份额变动。最终产品的技术增长率为各中间部门的技术增长率加权平均和,并随经济增长单方向变动,变动方向与中间产品之间的替代弹性大小相关。     

经济结构变化和经济增长

本文试图从生产技术角度构建一个多部门的经济增长模型，同时容纳Kuznets事实和Kaldor事实。模型经济由最终部门和多个中间部门组成，最终产品由各中间产品以CES函数形式生产。各中间部门的技术增长率不同，而这种差异引起经济结构变化，并导致中间产品的相对价格变化，进而决定各中间部门之间要素流动和产值相对份额变动。最终产品的技术增长率为各中间部门的技术增长率加权平均和，并随经济增长单方向变动，变动方向与中间产品之间的替代弹性大小相关。     

城市化对经济增长影响的理论研究

城市化水平影响经济增长是毋庸置疑的事实,在国际前沿研究中.城市化的涵义已经不止农村人口向城市迁移和农村经济向城市经济的转变.既定的城市人口下,即既定的城市化水平下,城市资源、城市总人口在不同城市之间的分布,也即城市集中度,同样会对经济增长产生重要影响.论文从经济增长和城市化的一般理论出发,总结了较为成熟的城市化水平与经济增长之间关系的理论研究,重点阐述了城市集中度对经济增长影响的研究成果.     

城市化、城市增长与城市结构的理论研究

城市化是农村经济向城市经济的转变过程,是人口在空间上由分散向集中的转变,伴随着这一转变的是产品和服务生产的专业化,家庭、企业、政府内部及相互之间联系的密切,技术创新和企业家才能的不断增强等。19世纪中期以来不断加快的城市化,毋庸置疑是受工业化高潮的影响。18世纪的     

城市规模、资源配置与经济增长

目前,部分城市的房价等资源要素价格高涨,高成本城市化已启动,本文分析了我国城市规模与资源配置的"极化"与"分散化"并存的非平衡增长城市化模式,认为非平衡增长的城市化模式造成了房价等资源要素的高涨和经济的非平衡发展,并以柯布—道格拉斯函数为基础,利用全国287个地级市1999-2008年的面板数据,检验了城市规模、资源配置对经济增长的影响,并对东中西部不同地域和不同人口规模城市和经济增长的关系进行了分类检验和分析。实证结果显示:在城市规模与经济增长之间的相关关系上,中部和西部地区明显高于东部地区。400万以上人口规模的城市,其规模与经济增长的相关系数显著降低。检验结果表明,在我国城市化模式问题上,中西部地区还可以继续进行"集中导向"的城市化模式,而东部地区的城市化到了进行"分散与集中"并存模式的转型时期。在城市规模上,未来城市化可以有重点地扩大部分中小城市的规模,再造大城市,适当控制目前超大城市的规模。在资源配置上,引导、鼓励高校教育、重点项目等资源有重点地向中小城市流入,促进城市经济的协调发展,促进城市化模式从非平衡增长到平衡增长。     

公共产品歧视性分配政策与城市人口控制

本文在一个二元经济框架内,通过一个改进的“亨利.乔治”模型,研究了转轨过程中的经济发展导向政府的城市人口控制问题。证明非歧视分配政策和任由城乡人口自由流动的政策组合并非一个有效率的户籍制度安排。不同主体之间在关于城市人口规模的控制上存在着利益差别,歧视性分配政策有助于缩小不同主体之间的利益差别。实行非歧视的公共产品分配政策同时对城市人口规模按照生产效率加以控制是现有体制下一个有效率的户籍制度安排。     

中国进口贸易结构变化与经济增长关系实证研究

经济结构调整及减少对出口导向型经济发展的依赖已成为中国经济长期稳定发展的重要任务.本文基于初级产品、中间产品与最终产品的角度对中国进口贸易结构变化进行了初步分析,采用1991 ～2011年的相关数据,利用协整理论、Granger因果检验及误差修正模型等方法,分行业地研究了进口贸易结构变化与经济增长之间的关系,进而得到相应结论和启示.     

Competition,taxation and economic growth

The paper mainly examines the relationship between economic growth, tax policy and sectoral labor distribution in an endogenous growth model with expanding varieties. For analyzing these relationships, we consider an economy where three sectors of production are vertically integrated: final goods sector, intermediate goods sector and research sector. We show that the extent of imperfect competition in the intermediate products market affects both economic growth and the allocation of the available labor to all the sectors employing this input. The resources from capital taxation, which are used for financing research sector, have a U-shaped effect on growth and lead to a movement of the labor from research sector to final goods sector. Additionally, we show that if there exists a higher competitive structure in an economy, the probability of the positive effect of an increase in tax on growth gets higher.     

Public consumer goods, output-generated variable returns, and labor supply

This paper develops a simple general-equilibrium model of a closed economy. The economy under consideration produces two final goods, one private and one public, which are both produced with labor and an intermediate good under constant returns to scale. The intermediate good is produced by labor alone, and its production is subject to output-generated variable returns to scale. The public good can be interpreted as government spending on environmental quality, police protection, cultural activities, and publicly funded health care. The model is used to examine the impact of an exogenous change in labor supply on the size of the government, relative prices, and welfare. Within the context of the present study, an increase in labor supply can be attributed to either exogenous immigration or population growth. The model is also used to examine the relationship between the size of the country and the pattern of trade.     

Intraindustry trade in intermediate goods

Since intermediate goods play such a vital role in foreign trade, this paper develops a model that explains the benefits from intraindustry trade in differentiated intermediate goods. In comparison with a situation of autarchy, this type of trade causes an increase in the number of intermediate good varieties. In this way, the producers of final goods will benefit from intermediate good varieties, which are closer to the ideal for a specific production process. At the same time, the producers of intermediate goods will, under conditions of international division of labor, benefit from economies of scale.     

Trade liberalization and the Mexican steel industry

The impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on the competitive positions of Mexican and U.S. steel producers is investigated employing a translog cost function with four inputs (capital, labor, domestic intermediate goods, and foreign intermediate goods) to examine scale characteristics and input substitution in Mexican steel production. Results are consistent with diseconomies of scale at high levels of output and with substitute relationships between all input pairs except labor and domestic intermediate goods. Thus, output growth will likely result in cost reductions for Mexican producers only if the industry reaps significant benefits from substitution of foreign inputs for domestic. Recent increases in Mexico's imports of finished steel have much exceeded those of steel industry inputs, and it therefore does not seem likely that a Mexican cost advantage over steel producers in the United States will soon emerge as a result of economies of scale.     

Imperfect Competition and Growth with Entrepreneurial Risk

Abstract. This paper analyzes an overlapping generations endogenous growth model of occupational choice under risk in a two-sector economy with intermediate and final goods. Agents choose between business ownership in the monopolistically competitive intermediate goods industry or employment as a worker in this sector. Firm-specific profits are stochastic. Occupational choice under risk endogenizes the number of firms and products in the intermediate goods industry. The analysis shows that economic performance and growth both depend on the entrepreneurship rate and are inefficiently low compared with an economy with perfect markets for pooling risks. Monopolistic competition partly offsets the negative income effects from a too low level of entrepreneurial risk-taking.     

A ray of hope? Another look at the Italian textile industry

Despite increasing competition from newly industrializing countries, Italy’s textile industry has continued to be an important contributor to the domestic economy. Many observers attribute this resilience to the industry’s focus on quality. Here, we take note of that view but also examine production and cost relationships to explore the existence of returns to scale and the interrelationships among inputs to gain additional insights about the future prospects for this industry. The findings are consistent with constant returns to scale and a substitute relationship between all input pairs except for domestic capital and foreign intermediate goods. The results also suggest some increasing flexibility in the labor market, perhaps including informal sector arrangements, greater responsiveness of labor demand to the price of capital, and more international production sharing arrangements. An increasing elasticity over time of the demands for domestic capital and domestic intermediate goods with respect to the price of foreign substitutes was also observed. Since further economies of scale do not exist, maintaining the Italian textile industry’s reputation for outstanding quality will likely be an important survival strategy for some products. For others, production sharing may be necessary to maintain international competitiveness.     

Regional versus global production networks: where does Latin America stand?

This article quantifies the effects of the Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) and the Southern Common Market (Mercosur) on the trade of intermediate goods and also on the trade of final goods. It is the first article to investigate whether increasing imports of intermediate goods from different regions to Latin America have led to higher exports of final and intermediate goods. The article uses sectoral data for trade in goods between 11 LAIA members over the period 1991–2008. The main results indicate evidence of increasing regional production networks, which have strengthened in the 2000s. Moreover, the findings show evidence of the emergence of global production networks, especially with respect to intermediate imports from China.     

Skilled–unskilled wage inequality,product variety,public input and increasing returns: A static general equilibrium analysis

The paper develops a four sector small open economy model with two traded final good sectors, a public intermediate good producing sector and a nontraded good sector producing varieties of intermediate goods. There are three primary factors: capital, skilled labour and unskilled labour. Industrial sector producing a traded good uses capital, intermediate goods and skilled labour as inputs. Intermediate goods producing sector also uses capital and skilled labour. Public input producing sector and the agricultural sector producing the other traded good use capital and unskilled labour as inputs. It is shown that, if production technologies are the same for the agricultural sector and the public input producing sector and if the scale elasticity of output is very low, then an increase in capital stock (unskilled labour endowment) raises (lowers) the skilled–unskilled wage ratio. However, an increase in skilled labour endowment does not produce any unambiguous effect. On the other hand, an increase in the tax rate on industrial output and/or an increase in the price of the agricultural product, armed with the same set of assumptions, lowers the skilled–unskilled wage ratio.     

Effects of subsidies on growth and welfare in a quality-ladder model with elastic labor

This paper develops a quality-ladder growth model with elastic labor supply and distortionary taxes to analyze the effects of different subsidy instruments: subsidies to the production of final goods, subsidies to the purchase of intermediate goods, and subsidies to research and development (R&D). Moreover, the model is calibrated to the US data to compare the growth and welfare implications of these subsidies. The main results are as follows. First, we analytically show that an optimal coordination of all instruments attains the first-best outcome. Second, in the calibrated economy, we numerically find that for the use of a single instrument, R&D subsidy is less growth-enhancing and welfare-improving than the other subsidies, whereas for the use of a mix of two instruments, subsidizing the production of final goods and the purchase of intermediate goods is most effective in promoting growth but least effective in raising welfare.