现实生活中的卡特尔组织(英文)

卡特尔组织是由竞争企业所构成的共谋联盟。企业通过在商品价格、产量和市场份额等方面订立协定而形成的同盟。本文将先阐述卡特尔组织的优点及其不稳定性,并运用保洁与联合利华的例子来分析卡特尔组织在现实生活中的稳定性。     

论核心卡特尔巾的宽恕制度及我国《反垄断法》对其规制和完善

核心卡特尔通过相同的定价、一致的行动、固定的份额来获取高额的利润,给竞争带来重大的危害,但是其隐蔽性强,难以为执法机关所侦破.宽恕制度,通过豁免卡特尔协议成员的方式以鼓励其对卡特尔协议的披露,成为西方国家打击卡特尔的重要武器.我国<反垄断法>虽对宽恕制度做了规制.尚且不足,仍待完善.     

影响出口卡特尔形成和维持的因素研究——兼论中国稀土出口战略能否成功实施

本文结合影响一般卡特尔形成原因和维持条件的因素和出口卡特尔的特点,研究了影响出口卡特尔形成和维持因素,进一步完善和发展出口卡特尔相关理论研究。并在理论研究的基础上,基于出口卡特尔的视角具体分析中国稀土出口战略成功实施的可行性,得出各因素总体来说有利于中国稀土出口战略成功实施的结论。     

影响出口卡特尔形成和维持的因素研究——兼论中国稀土出口战略能否成功实施

本文结合影响一般卡特尔形成原因和维持条件的因素和出口卡特尔的特点,研究了影响出口卡特尔形成和维持因素,进一步完善和发展出口卡特尔相关理论研究。并在理论研究的基础上,基于出口卡特尔的视角具体分析中国稀土出口战略成功实施的可行性,得出各因素总体来说有利于中国稀土出口战略成功实施的结论。     

论我国《反垄断法》对卡特尔行为法律责任的规制

卡特尔是同业竞争者之间限制竞争的联合。卡特尔的法律责任并不是指卡特尔成员违反协议而对其他成员承担的责任,而是指卡特尔的参与者对于它们所实施的违法卡特尔行为给同业竞争者以及交易相对方（包括消费者）带来损害所承担的不利法律后果。我国《反垄断法》针对卡特尔行为规定了相关的民事责任和行政责任,初步使卡特尔法律责任有法可依。但对比世界各国反垄断立法,我们不难看出,我国对于卡特尔法律责任的立法规定过于笼统和原则性,同时存在法律责任过轻等问题。     

论核心卡特尔中的宽恕制度及我国《反垄断法》对其规制和完善

核心卡特尔通过相同的定价、一致的行动、固定的份额来获取高额的利润,给竞争带来事大的危害,但是其隐蔽性强,难以为执法机关所侦破。宽恕制度,通过豁免卡特尔协议成员的方式以鼓励其对卡特尔协议的披露,成为西方国家打击卡特尔的重要武器。我国《反垄断法》虽对宽恕制度做了规制,尚且不足,仍待完善     

对我国卡特尔民事责任问题的探讨

2007年我国出台了《反垄断法》,成为规制我国卡特尔等垄断行为的基本法律,其中第五十条规定使得卡特尔民事责任有法可依。但是单纯一个条款来规定民事责任显然势单力薄,我国立法采用了援引民法规定来解决民事损害赔偿问题,《反垄断法》在实施上必然存在与其他法律的协调。本文就卡特尔民事责任的作用、性质、承担责任的方式等方面进行思考,认为,卡特尔民事责任体现了反垄断立法上的私力救济,其实质上属于民事侵权责任,主要体现为补偿性的赔偿损失。     

并购百年

"一个人过了七十岁,大脑中的迈内尔特联想纤维工作起来迟钝得令人讨厌."1894年,长期视力衰退的恩格斯在整理挚友书稿的时候,发了这么一番感慨.信用的发展导致股份公司的成立,这话不错;不过事物总是与时俱进的,他的挚友马克思当时书稿所写,有些在他整理的时候就已经过时了.他于是补充了一段夹注:新的工业企业形式已经在迅速发展,"代表着股份公司的二次方和三次方的",既有卡特尔,又有托拉斯.     

行业协会“权力越位”的法律反思——以“价格卡特尔”为视角

在我国经济转型时期,行业协会在履行行业“自治权”时,因责权边界不清经常出现“权力越位”（自治权滥用）的现象.其中,行业协会实施的限制竞争行为尤其是价格卡特尔便是其“权力越位”的典型样态.而在我国,行业协会价格卡特尔由于行业协会的生成途径及制度环境使然呈现出了独有的特征,加上相关法律规制的单薄和欠缺,都使此种“权力越位”行为成为可能且经常发生.因此,需要完善和细化相关法律规定,明确行业协会与政府的职能边界,衡平行业自治与公平竞争的冲突.“让权力理性回归”,如此,才能从根本上有效规制行业协会的“权力越位”行为.     

垄断限价、代理商进入与社会福利——兼评中国民航市场价格维持政策

自从中国民航总局于 1999年实施“国内民航机票禁止打折”政策以来 ,不少民航公司仍在暗中通过机票中间代理商低价倾销机票。本文试图从社会福利角度出发 ,分析在卡特尔组织实行垄断定价政策情况下 ,中间代理商的进入对社会福利的影响 ,简要评价了中国民航市场现行价格维持政策的福利效应 ,并提出若干相应建议。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.     

Commodity financialization and sector ETFs: Evidence from crude oil futures

We investigate the diversification benefits of energy assets in the setting of commodity financialization using data on crude oil futures and Sector ETFs (SPDRs). Correlations between commodities and financial assets increased during the post-Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA)/commodity bull cycle period, resulting in lower benefits of diversification. However, we find that conditional correlations between crude oil futures and sector ETFs meaningfully increased only since the 2008–09 financial crisis. The results therefore suggest that the financial crisis, rather than CFMA regulation, explains changes in the diversification benefits of commodities. Moreover, we find that oil futures returns are less correlated with SPDRs than with the S&P index. Thus, energy futures, and crude oil in particular, offer the potential for diversification benefits in sector-style investing.     

Dutch accounting in Japan 1609-1850: isolation or observation?

The trading station or factory maintained by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was Japan's sole window on the Western world during most of the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). While many aspects of the factory's role in Dutch/Japanese cultural exchange have been researched little is known in the West of the accounting at the factory. This paper considers the possibility that double-entry bookkeeping employed by the Dutch may have been diffused to the Japanese. The available evidence is synthesized after considering the accounting system in the Dutch factory.