治理网络视角下新兴技术治理的社会公众角色演变

新兴技术治理中社会公众的意见与建议、感情与情绪受到了越来越多的关注。社会公众的强烈反对与争议能够影响政策决策的执行,但社会公众在政策决策中的主要角色和作用仍然没有得到清晰阐释。为了提升新兴技术治理绩效,从网络视角切入,基于治理网络理论的3种公共行动分析方法,以转基因技术作为新兴技术研究对象,分析我国社会公众在新兴技术治理中的角色定位。研究发现,我国社会公众角色不够完善,仅发挥了监管者和促进者的作用。由此提出,分配新兴技术治理行动者的决策权、建立审议参与式的公众参与程序、培育社会公众主动参与的审议环境等相关政策建议。     

Tailoring CTA for emerging technologies

Technology assessment (TA) has developed into a method that puts a strong emphasis on facilitating interfaces between supply of science and technology and the demand for useful applications. Recently, we also see that TA becomes an integral part of science and technology programs, for instance in nanotechnology. The basic aim of the latter is to articulate the needs, wishes, and constraints, for example from professional users, already in the emerging stage of technological development. TA methods come in many different forms, although they are often different versions of a limited set of ‘basic approaches’ adapted to specific conditions with the overall aim to improve societal embedding. The thrust of this paper lies in the development and results of a variant of constructive TA (CTA), addressing technological development in an early phase in order to bypass the Collingridge dilemma by developing and testing scenarios including options for the further development of emerging technologies.How to support a broad selection of relevant actors effectively with CTA in such a way that they are enabled to play their role in innovation processes of emerging technologies? This is the main research question taken up in this paper. To take on this challenge we develop, apply, and evaluate an intervention we named the 3-step constructive technology assessment (CTA) approach. We will apply the approach to a nanotechnology related topic, Lab-on-a-chip technology. By assessing the effects and evaluating the proposed approach, we also want to contribute to the development of new methodological insights relevant for the TA community.     

The case for ethical technology assessment (eTA)

New technologies often give rise to previously unknown ethical problems, and it often takes many years to fully integrate them in society. We propose a new form of technology assessment that will focus on the ethical implications of new technologies; ethical technology assessment (eTA). Ethical technology assessment will serve as a tool for identifying adverse effects of new technologies at an early stage. It should be undertaken in dialogue with technology developers and have the form of a continuous dialogue rather than a single evaluation at a specific point in time. eTA can be conducted on the basis of a check-list that refers to nine crucial ethical aspects of technology; (1) Dissemination and use of information, (2) Control, influence and power, (3) Impact on social contact patterns, (4) Privacy, (5) Sustainability, (6) Human reproduction, (7) Gender, minorities and justice, (8) International relations, and (9) Impact on human values. Ethical technology assessments should not be committed to any particular moral theory. Instead they should be open to different perspectives and solutions.     

运用高新技术改造我国传统农业的技术路线选择

本文以我国农业的现状为依据，讨论了运用高新技术改造我国传统农业的技术路线是以生物技术和有机技术为导向、以工程技术为辅的综合型农业技术路线。并提出了在农村推广过程中应注意的问题和未来发展目标模式。     

Exploring the future of ecological genomics: Integrating CTA with vision assessment

Interactive approaches to technology development provide opportunities for the development of innovative technologies which clearly connect with social practices and address the positive and negative effects as perceived by relevant actors. The challenge is to start an interactive approach early in the development of new technologies, when many options are still open for exploration and there are good possibilities for steering. Early involvement of societal actors is, however, challenged by the absence of concrete applications on which they can develop their own visions from the perspective of their own needs, interests, norms and values. Integrating Constructive Technology Assessment (CTA) with vision assessment is proposed as an approach to overcome this dilemma in the field of ecological genomics and bridge the knowledge gap between parties closely involved with ecogenomics research and other relevant actors. We present, evaluate and discuss the process of identifying guiding visions of the technology developers as a first step in this approach and end with some suggestions on how desirable futures for ecogenomics can subsequently be assessed from the perspectives of different actors.     

政策措施对新兴技术演化的影响分析

在对新兴技术演化阶段划分的基础上,基于需求和供应视角对政府政策措施与新兴技术演化进行了匹配分析,并以3D打印技术为例,探讨了政策措施对新兴技术演化的影响。结果发现：在演化形成阶段,新兴技术可根据其发展特征分为基础研究、初步兴起、相对低潮、重新定向和应用研发5个阶段。在基础研究阶段,政府主要通过提供研发资金培育新兴技术;在初步兴起阶段,应注重为大学、科研院所、研发企业提供基础设施建设及相关资金投入;在相对低潮及重新定向阶段,政府要注重人才培养,支持并设立“示范工程”项目;进入应用研发阶段后,应兼顾供给侧与需求侧政策措施,尤其应落实领先市场政策。     

技术融合视角下新兴技术识别研究

基于技术融合视角,从知识联接创新角度揭示新兴技术形成机制,利用技术知识流分析方法,构建包括专利-领域-部门三维度的新兴技术识别框架。采集德温特创新索引(Derwent Innovations Index,DII)中的光纤通信专利开展实证研究,结果表明：光纤通信产业的新兴技术专利主要分布在日、美、中三国,且多由日、美企业掌握;光纤通信最重要的新兴技术领域来自于光学、电信及二者的融合;光纤通信最重要的新兴技术部门来自于设备、电子工程及二者的融合。最后,对国内光纤通信企业开展技术创新提出对策建议。     

Assessing emerging technologies—Methodological challenges and the case of nanotechnologies

Technology Assessment reflecting on R&D and technological trends in the area of nanotechnology and its implications is confronted with the problem that most scientific endeavours of nanotechnology can be allocated to basic research while most of the technological visions related to nanotechnology are far (> 10 years) in the future. Since technology assessment has to integrate the socio-economic context of a technical product in order to be comprehensive, in the case of nanotechnology a preparing step is necessary which connects the ongoing basic research with the visions communicated either by the scientist themselves or by the media. In this paper we propose to adapt the well known tool ‘roadmapping’ to contribute to the solution of this problem. This poses new challenges for roadmapping methodology in terms of level of aggregation and timeframe.     

Patent and publishing activity sequence over a technology's life cycle

The use of multiple indicators in analyzing technological developments and exploiting the increasing availability of information has been recommended widely in order to decrease systematic biases between single measures. One of the few frameworks that take multiple sources into account is the Technology Life Cycle indicators that provide a measure for the totality of sources available for analysis and take their timeliness into account, although the linear model that the framework represents is often questioned. The aim of this paper is to provide bibliometric studies with insight into the timely relevance of using different databases. To assess the reporting sequence between different databases, this paper measures the reporting activity of three case technologies in different databases and analyzes the yearly reporting volumes of a number of items that mention the technology in the databases as suggested by the TLC indicators. The results of this paper suggest that, when science is the source of new ideas and the driver for technological development and innovations, communication can happen in the order suggested by the TLC indicators. However, this model does not seem to be a general model for detecting and forecasting a technological life cycle. In addition, the results of the paper point to the possibility of studying non-linear models of innovation and contexts where this type of dynamics might take place.     

萌芽期颠覆性技术识别研究

从颠覆性技术成长周期入手,根据萌芽期颠覆性技术特点,采用基于创新性、独创性与功能分析的识别方法,在技术创新没有造成市场显著变化时实现预警决策。首先进行技术生命周期分析,随后利用创新性和独创性特点衡量技术颠覆性,排除渐进性技术干扰,最后运用功能分析方法研究技术新功能对未来市场的影响。以工业机器人专利技术领域进行实证,验证了方法的可行性和有效性。     

战略性新兴产业技术创新研究综述

突破性技术创新是战略性新兴产业产生的必要条件,战略性新兴产业的意义在于能够引领技术创新走向。在战略性新兴产业技术创新研究文献的基础上,探讨了战略性新兴产业的技术范式、技术轨道以及技术创新治理模式,并对目前该领域的研究趋势进行了展望。     

基于DEMATEL方法的新兴技术产业化融资影响因素实证研究

新兴技术是提高国家产业竞争力的重要载体,但是资金问题一直是制约我国新兴技术产业化的瓶颈之一。构建新兴技术产业化融资影响因素理论模型,运用DEMATEL方法,实证检验不同因素对新兴技术产业化融资的影响程度。研究表明：融资扶持政策、资金渠道可选择性、共享信息有效性等因素对新兴技术产业化融资具有显著直接影响;资金供求匹配性、融资产品创新、信息共享方式等因素易受到其它微观因素影响,对产业化融资具有显著间接影响;担保费用、配套服务综合性及配套服务专业性等因素对产业化融资同时具有显著的直接与间接影响。据此,提出新兴技术产业化融资对策建议。     

基于DEMATEL方法的新兴技术产业化融资影响因素实证研究

新兴技术是提高国家产业竞争力的重要载体,但是资金问题一直是制约我国新兴技术产业化的瓶颈之一。构建新兴技术产业化融资影响因素理论模型,运用DEMATEL方法,实证检验不同因素对新兴技术产业化融资的影响程度。研究表明：融资扶持政策、资金渠道可选择性、共享信息有效性等因素对新兴技术产业化融资具有显著直接影响;资金供求匹配性、融资产品创新、信息共享方式等因素易受到其它微观因素影响,对产业化融资具有显著间接影响;担保费用、配套服务综合性及配套服务专业性等因素对产业化融资同时具有显著的直接与间接影响。据此,提出新兴技术产业化融资对策建议。     

科技金融支撑战略性新兴产业发展研究

科技金融是促进科技创新和推动科技成果产业化的重要力量,要推动我国战略性新兴产业的快速发展和实现经济结构转型,需要将同质的金融资源与异质科技创新相结合,使传统金融向现代科技金融转变。因此,加快发展科技金融将会对我国战略性新兴产业的发展起到巨大推动作用。     

基于产业化潜力评价的新兴技术特征研究

在详细研究新兴技术定义和特征的基础之上,将技术预见的方法和思想引入到新兴技术的评价与选择中,建立了评价指标体系,通过德尔菲问卷调查,对新兴技术产业化潜力进行了实证研究。基于新兴技术的产业化潜力,按照其所处行业的不同和同行业但是潜力大小的不同,将新兴技术分成两组,利用配对样本T检验方法分别对导致新兴技术产业化潜力差异变化的技术特征、市场特征以及其它特征进行识别和研究,找出了影响新兴技术产业化潜力的决定因素。综合考虑新兴技术产业化潜力的评价结果及其影响特征,可以为新兴技术的商业化和产业化提供重要的决策依据。     

欧盟未来植物技术平台的建设与进展

本文分析了欧盟启动欧盟技术平台建设的背景及其自下而上运作的基本特点。欧盟迄今共建立了36个欧盟技术平台,涉及众多领域。每个欧盟技术平台都有自己的运作方式。本文详细介绍了欧盟未来植物技术平台的运作情况,研究并探讨了欧盟未来植物战略研究议程的基本内容和执行情况及对我国的借鉴作用。     

培育经济发展新动能的技术、产业、政策机理研究

伴随着国际、国内经济形势发生深刻变化,我国经济过去主要依靠投资、劳动力、自然资源投入的粗放型发展模式已经难以为继,急需培育促进经济实现高质量发展的新动能。现有成果主要围绕技术基础、产业载体及政策制度等培育经济发展新动能的丰富内涵和多样化模式展开,针对内在机理的探讨较少。从新兴技术对产业结构优化起基础支撑作用、新兴产业载体释放经济新动能、市场与政府相结合的政策制度助力经济高质量发展三大维度论述基本原理,系统梳理新兴技术聚合迸发新动能、传统产业升级培育新动能以及政策制度创新生成新动能3种主要模式。最后,提出以推动技术引领发展、促进产业调整升级和出台政策“靶向支撑”为核心的“创新链-产业链-政策链”对策建议。     

多层次视角的新兴技术创新管理研究回顾与展望

新兴技术创新是近年来管理学研究的热点。为了更好地丰富新兴技术创新管理的研究理论、研究视角和研究方法,对新兴技术创新的内涵特征、理论视角、关键要素进行了评述,并扩展形成了多层次的新兴技术创新管理整合研究框架,归纳了较为完整的研究体系和脉络。最后,提出未来研究应当重点关注新兴技术创新的能力体系构建、开放式学习视角的引入以及新兴技术创新过程中的动态资源管理等,并进一步结合中国转型经济环境开展更有针对性的研究。     

城市化中的“涌现”研究

城市化是推动人类发展的巨大动力,是21世纪我国发展的必由之路。城市化进程中伴随着\"涌现\"现象,分别从\"涌现\"的基础、特点、作用以及内在动力4个方面,对城市化进行深层次的分析。最后结合\"涌现\"这一特殊现象和我国城市化发展的现状,对我国的城市化发展提出借鉴性意见。