欧洲创业投资发展及启示

本报告基于对欧洲创业投资业发展历程的考察,从创业环境、政府基金支持、税收优惠政策、退出机制、监管体制和行业协会作用等六个方面,全面总结了欧洲主要国家发展创业投资业的经验。结合中国国情,我国发展创业投资须从创业环境、政府基金支持、税收优惠等方面加以促进和完善。     

Taxation and Venture Capital Backed Entrepreneurship

In recent years, venture capital has increasingly become a factor in the financing of new firms. We examine how the value of mature firms determines the incentives of entrepreneurs to start up new firms and of venture capitalists to finance and advise them. We examine how capital gains taxes as well as subsidies to start-up costs of new firms affect venture capital backed entrepreneurship. We also argue that dividend and capital gains taxes on mature firms have important consequences for start-up firms as well.     

Performance of Private to Public MBOs: The Role of Venture Capital

Abstract:   Using a unique dataset, we examine financial performance, and venture capital involvement in 167 MBOs exiting through IPOs (MBO‐IPOs) on the London Stock Exchange, during the period 1964 –1997. VC backed MBOs seem to be more underpriced than MBOs without venture capital backing, based on average value‐weighted returns. MBOs backed by highly reputable VCs tend to be older companies, and exit earlier than MBOs backed by less reputable VCs. The results contradict 'certification' and 'grandstanding' hypotheses supported by US data ( Megginson and Weiss, 1991 ; and Gompers, 1996 , respectively). We found no evidence of either significant underperformance, or that VC backed MBOs perform better than their non‐VC backed counterparts in the long run. However, MBOs backed by highly reputable venture capital firms seem to be better long‐term investments as compared to those backed by less prestigious venture capitalist firms. The results remain robust after using different methods to measure performance, and after controlling for sample selectivity bias.     

Public Policy for Venture Capital

This paper proposes a simple partial equilibrium model to investigate the effects of government policy on venture capital backed investments. Giving up an alternative career, entrepreneurs focus their effort on a single, high risk venture each. Venture capitalists acquire an equity stake and offer a base salary as well. In addition to providing incentive compatible equity finance, they support the venture with managerial advice to raise survival chances. We analyze several policy measures addressed at venture capital activity: government spending on entrepreneurial training, subsidies to equipment investment, and output subsidies at the production stage. While these measures stimulate entrepreneurship, only cost-effective government services can improve welfare.     

Staging of Venture Financing, Investor Opportunism and Patent Law

Abstract:  Stage financing provides a real option that is valuable when facing external uncertainty. However, it may also induce investor hold-up, if the property rights on an invention are not sufficiently protected. As a consequence, the entrepreneur may not work hard. Investor opportunism is less likely to occur, if investors' residual cash-flow-rights are contingent on verifiable 'milestones' in the previous stage. Equity-linked financing also provides high-powered incentives to the investor not to 'steal the idea' because his payoff becomes sensitive to the project value. The paper provides a new explanation for both types of contractual provisions.     

Venture Capitalists, Business Angels, and Performance of Entrepreneurial IPOs in the UK and France

Abstract:  Using a unique sample of 444 entrepreneurial IPOs in the UK and France, this paper analyses the investment patterns and the stock-market performance effects of two types of early stage investors: venture capitalists (VCs) and business angels (BAs). Extending existing research, we identify important endogeneity and institutional effects. Our findings indicate that UK IPOs have a higher retained ownership and lower participation ratio by BAs, but a lower retained ownership and participation ratio by VCs than in France. BA and VC investments are substitutes, and they are endogenously determined by a number of firm- and founder-related factors, such as founder ownership and external board 'interlocks', and underwriter reputation. UK VCs are effective third-party certifying agents who reduce underpricing in UK IPOs, whereas in French IPOs they increase it by appearing to engage in grandstanding. This certification effect is more significant in UK IPOs involving both high VC and BA ownership. Finally, underpricing increases with VC participation ratio, where the higher exit of VCs seems to increase the risk premium required by outside investors, in particular in the UK.     

Asymmetric Information and the Market Structure of the Venture Capital Industry

In this paper we study a horizontally differentiated market for financial intermediation and develop a simple explanation for concentration in the financial intermediation industry. We show that under asymmetric information, if the demand for funds is not perfectly elastic, the heterogeneity of entrepreneurs in need of financing translates into a barrier to entry. That is, we do not need to resort to learning, weak property rights or exogenous costs of entry to generate this result.     

Venture Capital and Private Equity: A Review and Synthesis

This paper reviews the existing literature on venture capital and private equity. The paper emphasises the importance of examining venture capital in the light of recent developments in corporate finance and its distinctiveness from other forms of finance. In order to understand current developments, the paper adopts a framework which combines industry/market and firm levels of analysis. Existing literature is reviewed using this framework. Industry level issues relate to rivalry between firms, the power of suppliers and customers, and the threats from new entrants and substitutes. Firm level issues concern deal generation, initial and second screening, valuation and due diligence, deal approval and structuring, post-contractual monitoring, investment realisation, and entrepreneurs' exit and recontracting with venture capitalists. This is followed by a review of the evidence on the performance of venture capital firms. The paper suggests potentially fruitful areas for further research including the extension of analysis to cover all stages of venture capital investment, examination of the inter-linkages between industry and firm level issues and between stages in the venture capital process, as well as further analysis of deal structuring issues and investment realisation and recontracting.     

风险投资领域“对赌协议”的可执行性研究

对赌协议在我国风险投资领域已有较多表现,实践中因对赌失败所引发的执行困境时有发生。本文阐明了本土背景下的对赌协议产生基础在于企业的股权融资偏好行为,分析了对赌协议在不完全契约状态下表现出的射幸性特点,论证了基于企业估值调整所进行的条款安排并不违背法律所追求的公平和效率目标。在此基础上,文章认为,对赌协议的可执行问题最终需回归到对其效力的认定上。合法性、契约自由以及公司自治等原则是审视此类协议效力的重要标准。     

区间数信息下的风险投资群决策评价研究

随着中国风险投资行业不断扩张,为了避免高风险,需要多位决策人员共同参与投资项目的评价。而决策人员面对复杂系统更适合以区间数给出评价。本文提出风险投资的3个评价指标,运用粒子群算法集结区间数信息,构建群决策全局最优偏好矩阵,采用可能度矩阵和排序向量法确定次序。最后的应用研究结果表明,该方法具有一定的可行性和科学性,有利于风险投资项目评价的发展。     

吸收风险投资对企业投资效率的影响研究——基于创业板的数据研究

以创业板上市公司为研究对象,就初创公司上市后是否吸收风险投资、吸收风险投资的比例以及是否存在风险投资机构的联合投资展开实证研究.结果 表明:公司上市后风险投资参与仍可以显著提高企业的投资效率,风险投资比例越高,越有利于提高投资效率,联合投资也对此有正向促进作用.     

促进战略性新兴产业发展的风险投资策略研究

市场前景广阔的战略性新兴产业具有“高风险、高投入、高效益”等特点,不仅要求企业具有高水平的科技研发能力,还需要外部环境的支持,特别是需要充分的金融支持。应在政府相关政策和扶持基金的引导下,在良好的法制环境保障下,建立有中国特色的富有效率的风险投资综合支撑体系。只有这样,才能顺利实现风险投资和科技资源的对接,才能充分发挥风险投资在战略性新兴产业发展中的“先锋”作用,从而为培育和发展战略性新兴产业注入新鲜持久的活力。     

Exploring Portfolio Diversification Opportunities Through Venture Capital Financing: Evidence from MGARCH-DCC,Markov Switching,and Wavelet Approaches

Islamic financial institutions are being pressurized by critics to offer profit and loss sharing (PLS) financing, such as venture capital (VC) financing, for the purpose of entrepreneurial development aligned to the principle of equity risk sharing. Our study aims to link PLS investments with portfolio optimization opportunities for the Islamic asset managers. Using portfolio analysis with dynamic conditional correlation, Markov switching, and maximal overlap discrete wavelet transformation, our findings tend to indicate that there is indeed a portfolio optimization opportunity in investment universe for the fund managers who invested in PLS investments in the context of VC asset class over the long run.     

资源稀缺、技术冲击与风险投资退出时机

本文从风险投资市场资源稀缺的特征出发,建立了一个风险投资退出时机选择模型,在此基础上,运用2004-2011年中国风险投资退出的季度数据考察了技术冲击和市场利率等因素变化对风险投资退出时机的影响。研究发现：（1）资源稀缺的程度与风险投资退出时机的选择有着非常紧密的联系;（2）市场利率的变化对风险投资的退出行为的影响具有不对称性：市场利率下降可能会导致风险投资加速退出质量较差的风险企业,同时却更长时间地持有质量较好的风险企业;（3）技术进步会增加风险企业的数量,提高风险投资市场上风险企业的平均质量,加速风险投资退出。     

略论风险投资及在我国的状况

本文的目的在于研究和分析风险投资机制，特别是其独特的融资和投资机制，并结合我国风险投资发展的实际和我国风险投资的典型案例，分析在我国建立风险投资机制的对策。     

信任对创业融资的影响--基于我国转型经济的证据

研究我国转型期的社会特征和创业企业的融资特征,发现信任是一种较为理想的资源配置方式。利用我国70家新创企业的调查问卷进行实证分析,结合对部分中小企业的实地调研,分析中小企业的融资现状、问题,认为促进信任建设特别是制度信任建设是社会转型期改善创业融资的重要途径,并提出促进制度信任建设的几点建议。     

Labor Rights,Venture Capital,and Firm Performance

We investigate the role of labor unions in the performance of venture capital (VC)‐backed firms. Using a large sample of initial public offering firms from 1983 to 2013, we find that VC‐backed firms in highly unionized industries have lower Tobin's Q and are less likely to survive. This effect is robust to endogeneity concerns and to controlling for industry and firm characteristics. The findings suggest that strong labor rights impede innovative firms’ performance and survival, thereby adversely affecting innovation, economic growth, and employment.     

Venture capitalists, investment appraisal and accounting information: a comparative study of the USA, UK, France, Belgium and Holland

The differences between the information used for the pre‐investment valuation and the valuation methods used by venture capital investors in five countries (USA, UK, France, Belgium and Holland) are empirically studied. The analysis is based on postal questionnaire surveys of representative samples of senior venture capitalists in each country. Differences are found, which may be attributed to the dominant corporate governance mechanism or the level of development of the venture capital market. Between‐country differences persist even after taking into account between‐country differences in the relative importance of investment stages and venture capital types. Apparently similar systems and venture capital markets place varying emphases on different valuation methods, with theoretically 'correct' methods not always being preferred in practice. The findings of the study highlight the need for venture capital firms entering non‐domestic markets to invest considerable effort in understanding the operation of these markets if they are to exploit fully their perceived competitive advantages and minimize the likelihood of repeating the problems experienced by venture capital entrants into foreign markets in the late 1980s.     

风险投资中企业家人力资本定价影响因素的实证研究

本文从影响风险投资中企业家人力资本定价的因素分析入手,针对其多层次、多维度的特点,建立了一个有内在逻辑关系、能够较全面反映企业家人力资本定价影响因素的理论框架.并采用协方差结构模型分析(CSM)方法,对这些因素进行了实证研究.结果表明,在风险投资中,企业家的控制权对企业家人力资本定价影响因素的解释率最高,其次是企业经营绩效,企业经营规模的解释率较低.     

基于创业投资资本利得的税收激励政策研究

创业投资收益主要体现在资本利得上,本文应用了Keuschnigg-Nielsen模型证明了创业投资与资本利得课税成反向关系,研究发现对资本利得税课税越重,对创业投资活动就越具有抑制作用.因此不少国家或地区纷纷制定了针对资本利得的税收激励政策,对创业投资的发展起到积极的推动作用.文章最后指出了对我国设计针对创业投资资本利得的税收激励政策的启示.