浅议注册会计师职业责任保险与审计风险

《注册会计师法》第2条规定:"注册会计师是依法取得注册会计师证书并接受委托从事审计和会计咨询、会计服务业务的执业人员."对于注册会计师在从事法定业务中要承担的法律责任,《注册会计师法》和《独立审计准则》分别作了相应的规定.     

Medicaid coverage expansions and liability insurance

Do changes in the population covered by health insurance affect liability insurers, who compensate billions of dollars in medical claims each year? We examine this question by exploiting the selective rollout across states of Medicaid expansions under the Affordable Care Act. Using data on insurer losses across a range of insurance lines, and employing a triple‐difference research design that contrasts states, years, and lines of insurance, we demonstrate that coverage expansions reduce auto liability and workers’ compensation outlays by 6–11 percent, but do not measurably impact other lines of insurance. Our analysis provides some of the first evidence regarding the use of the tort system particularized to the low‐income population and is the first to consider the impacts of health insurance on medical professional liability and commercial auto insurance claims.     

Directors' and officers' liability insurance and loan spreads

We analyze the effect of directors' and officers' liability insurance (D&O insurance) on the spreads charged on bank loans. We find that higher levels of D&O insurance coverage are associated with higher loan spreads and that this relation depends on loan characteristics in economically sensible ways and is attenuated by monitoring mechanisms. This association between loan spreads and D&O insurance coverage is robust to controlling for endogeneity (because both could be related to firm risk). Our evidence suggests that lenders view D&O insurance coverage as increasing credit risk (potentially via moral hazard or information asymmetry). Further analyses show that higher levels of D&O insurance coverage are associated with greater risk taking and higher probabilities of financial restatement due to aggressive financial reporting. While greater use of D&O insurance increases the cost of debt, we find some evidence that D&O insurance coverage appears to improve the value of large increases in capital expenditure for firms with better internal and external governance.     

Directors' and officers' liability insurance and acquisition outcomes

We examine the effect of directors' and officers' liability insurance (D&O insurance) on the outcomes of merger and acquisition (M&A) decisions. We find that acquirers whose executives have a higher level of D&O insurance coverage experience significantly lower announcement-period abnormal stock returns. Further analyses suggest that acquirers with a higher level of D&O insurance protection tend to pay higher acquisition premiums and their acquisitions appear to exhibit lower synergies. The evidence provides support for the notion that the provision of D&O insurance can induce unintended moral hazard by shielding directors and officers from the discipline of shareholder litigation.     

论环境责任保险中政府的作用

环境的负外部性是造成环境污染的重要原因,环境责任保险是通过责任风险社会化解决环境污染损害赔偿问题的有效方式之一。但在现阶段,要发展环境责任保险只能依靠政府强制的力量,本文结合我国现状,分析了政府在推动环境责任保险发展中应发挥的作用。     

Directors' and officers' liability insurance and stock price crash risk

We investigate the impact of directors' and officers' insurance (D&O insurance) on stock price crash risk. We find that D&O insurance in China is negatively associated with stock price crash risk. This association is robust to a series of robustness checks including the use of alternative sample, Heckman two-step sample selection model, propensity score matching procedure, fixed effects model, the inclusion of some possibly omitted variables, and bootstrap method. Further analyses show that the impact of D&O insurance on crash risk is more pronounced in firms with lower board independence, non-Big 4 auditors, lower institutional shareholdings, and weaker investor protection; and the negative relationship between D&O insurance and crash risk is not driven by the eyeball effect. Moreover, we find that D&O insurance purchase is associated with less financial restatements and more disclosure of corporate social responsibility reports. Our findings provide support to the notion that D&O insurance appears to improve corporate governance.     

董事责任保险的法律考察

董事责任保险是为公司董事或高级管理人员职业责任提供的一种补偿性保险。对我国上市公司而言,董事责任保险既是对董事及高管人员利益的保障,也可帮助股东监督经营者的行为,对完善上市公司治理结构亦具有积极意义。然而,根据我国目前的董事民事责任制度、证券民事赔偿制度以及诉讼费用制度,董事责任保险并无大多发展空间。为充分发挥董事责任保险的价值,我国在引入董事责任保险制度时,有必要同步完善证券民事诉讼机制,合理设计董事责任承保范围,规定董事适度支付保险费用,并采取期内索赔式保险。     

Voluntary versus mandatory disclosure of liability insurance coverage limit

This article analyzes the disclosure of the liability insurance coverage limit and the impact of mandating disclosure of the coverage limit in a setting where voluntary disclosure of a firm’s cash flow information is subject to litigation risk and the firm has directors’ and officers’ (D&O) liability insurance. Disclosure of cash flow information is costly, but disclosure of the insurance coverage limit features no direct disclosure friction. We find that, when the litigation environment is weak, the usual unraveling argument applies, and the manager always voluntarily discloses the coverage limit in equilibrium. However, when the litigation environment is strong, either no coverage limit is disclosed or only sufficiently high coverage limits are disclosed in equilibrium. Further analysis shows that mandatory disclosure of the coverage limit increases the voluntary disclosure of cash flow information.     

我国环境污染责任保险试点及相关问题探析

我国自2008年开始启动的环境污染责任保险,目前仍在积极推进中。保险公司单独开发了环境污染责任保险险种,在三大行业先期推出试点,在政策性船舶污染责任保险方面取得突破,基本形成政府推动、市场运作模式。为了充分发挥环境污染责任保险的经济补偿和社会管理功能,本文在分析环境污染责任保险的理论基础和国外经营实践的基础上,就推广环境污染责任保险提出几点建议:一是要乘势而上,顺势而为,提高承保能力,提升管理水平;二是有针对性地开展环境污染责任保险对外宣传活动;三是联合政府职能部门,积极推进环境污染责任保险立法进程。     

针对药源性损害的责任保险探析

本文讨论了针对药源性损害,在我国开展责任保险相关险种的可能性。分析了药源性损害的内涵和现状,在此基础上,对发展相关责任保险提出了框架性建议,并对保险期限、责任限定、保险金给付等关键问题进行了讨论。认为相关责任保险的开展有利于保障患者权益,促进社会福利,开展过程中还存在一些问题,可以通过政府推动、完善医疗体系、完善数据上报制度、建立药品追溯数据库等加以解决。     

保险负债的风险价值边际:评估方法及应用

国际会计准则委员会(IASB)正在实施一个关于保险合同的会计项目,其目的在于使保险公司的资产负债表以公允价值来计量。保险负债的公允价值以市场脱手价格为计量基础,可由最优估计价值和风险市场价值边际两部分构成。本文以公允价值的计量理论为基础,提出资本成本法这种风险价值边际的核算方法,并以财产险保单为例探讨该方法的应用。     

侵权立法对责任保险市场的影响机制

责任保险赖以存在及发展的基础在于完善的法律体系,尤其是侵权责任法.一国侵权责任法的不断完善,不仅有利于公民和法人承担责任,同时也会增加公众的维权和自我保护意识,从而刺激责任保险市场的需求与供给.本文采用CHH模型,通过侵权责任扩张与责任保险危机问题,分析了侵权立法对责任保险市场的影响机制,并基于美国责任保险市场发展模式...     

环境责任保险在环境保护中的经济优势及依存条件分析

环境责任保险是一种运用现代保险制度解决环境问题的经济政策,在众多的环境保护措施中,环境责任保险凭借自身的经济优势得到了人们越来越多的关注和重视。本文在深入剖析其经济优势的基础上详细阐述了环境责任保险的依存条件,以期推动环境责任保险在我国能够顺利发展,并在环境保护中发挥重要作用。     

Asset and liability management for insurance products with minimum guarantees: The UK case

Modern insurance products are becoming increasingly complex, offering various guarantees, surrender options and bonus provisions. A case in point are the with-profits insurance policies offered by UK insurers. While these policies have been offered in some form for centuries, in recent years their structure and management have become substantially more involved. The products are particularly complicated due to the wide discretion they afford insurers in determining the bonuses policyholders receive. In this paper, we study the problem of an insurance firm attempting to structure the portfolio underlying its with-profits fund. The resulting optimization problem, a non-linear program with stochastic variables, is presented in detail. Numerical results show how the model can be used to analyze the alternatives available to the insurer, such as different bonus policies and reserving methods.     

Dividend decisions in the property and liability insurance industry: mutual versus stock companies

This article examines the effect of organizational forms on corporate dividend decisions by exploring the differences in dividend payout ratios between mutual and stock property–liability (P–L) insurers in the US. Our large sample evidence suggests: (1) mutual insurers tend to have a lower dividend payout ratio than stock insurers and the observed difference is about 4% points, holding other factors constant; (2) mutual insurers tend to adjust dividend payout ratios toward their long-run target levels more slowly than stock firms. These results are consistent with the capital constraints and/or greater agency costs of equity in mutual insurers.

商业风险涉“关联”信用保险免责任

中国信保专家指出：尽管关联交易是当今市场经济中常见的交易形式,有其产生及存在的必然性,但关联交易种类繁多而复杂,且究其根本,因关联方存在利益上的一致性,其交易亦属内部交易的性质,故客观上必然成为不公平及滥用权利等现象滋生的土壤,变为相关内部控制人获取不正当利益（如转移定价、抽逃资本或利润）的手段     

机动车交通事故共同侵权损害赔偿中的保险责任研究

机动车交通事故共同侵权行为表现为意思关联型和行为关联型两种。在两辆以上的投保机动车发生交通事故共同侵权时,若干保险公司的赔偿责任怎么承担?较为合理的思路是:多家保险公司在责任限额内对一个受害人承担赔偿责任时,要遵循比例责任和有限连带的一般规则,以实现以人为本、损害补偿的侵权责任法的价值追求。     

环境污染责任保险供需不足成因及解决策略

环境污染责任保险利于社会建设,但在开展中存在供需不足。本文基于西方经济学原理,分析得出此问题的深层原因为环境污染责任保险供需主体具选择倾向:在无外界干预下,需求主体污染企业的生产经营具有外部不经济性,易致此险种需求不足;供给主体保险公司承保此险种具有外部经济性,易致供给不足。通过分析我国现状和比较国外的经验,提出完善环保法律、提供财政支持、完善原保险和再保险市场及组建相互保险公司的策略。     

德国侵权法与责任保险的互动关系及对中国的启示

侵权法和责任保险是两个各自独立却又紧密联系、相互影响的体系。本文分别介绍了德国侵权法的法律体系和德国责任保险的概况,以及德国侵权法与德国责任保险之间的相互影响。中国和德国同为大陆法系国家,现行和未来的侵权法又直接或间接地受德国的影响较深,因此,德国在侵权法和责任保险之间的互动关系所涉及经验和教训值得中国借鉴。