创业投资与产业投资组织结构比较研究

从组织结构来看，创业投资对传统的产业投资组织理论提出了挑战。理论研究主要集中在三个方面：委托代理理论、投融资理论与法人治理结构。从实证角度来看，传统产业投资与创业投资组织结构模式有不同的选择，这也决定了两者不同的绩效。比较国内创业投资与产业投资组织结构模式的不同选择。提出了一些建议。     

Risk‐Adjusting the Returns to Venture Capital

We adapt stochastic discount factor (SDF) valuation methods for venture capital (VC) performance evaluation. Our approach generalizes the popular Public Market Equivalent (PME) method and allows statistical inference in the presence of cross‐sectionally dependent, skewed VC payoffs. We relax SDF restrictions implicit in the PME so that the SDF can accurately reflect risk‐free rates and returns of public equity markets during the sample period. This generalized PME yields substantially different abnormal performance estimates for VC funds and start‐up investments, especially in times of strongly rising public equity markets and for investments with betas far from one.     

决策能力、风险偏好与风险资本

本文根据资产组合选择理论和资本资产定价模型的思想内核 ,通过引入“最佳预期”概念 ,分析了资本市场效率、投资者决策能力和风险偏好对投资收益的影响 ,得出在完善市场上 ,投资收益主要取决于投资者的风险偏好 ,在不完善市场上 ,投资收益则取决于投资者的决策能力和风险偏好。通过进一步分析风险资本市场的特性 ,讨论了决策能力和风险偏好在风险资本形成中的作用。研究表明 :风险资本是一种融财务资本、人力资本、声誉资本为一体的复合型资本 ,其高额收益源于风险投资者的人力资本。本文的一些发现为解释风险投资领域有关普遍现象提供了新的视角     

我国风险投资退出方式的选择

风险投资在现代经济中具有举足轻重的作用,选择合适的方式退出是风险投资成功的关键。本文结合目前我国风险资本的退出现状,分析中国风险投资退出的主要障碍在于相关法律法规不健全、中介服务不成熟、风险企业在国内主板上市难度大,指出了在我国目前的国情下,可供选择的风险投资退出方式有收购与兼并、买壳或借壳上市、境外二板上市或国内中小企业板上市、股份回购、通过区域性产权交易市场退出等。     

An Entrepreneur's Guide to Understanding the Cost of Venture Capital

Entrepreneurs who deal with a venture capital firm (VC) for the first time often find themselves unprepared for the experience. The deal structure language used to describe financing terms, and the methods used to value the investment, are unique to the VC world. The authors have two objectives in preparing this entrepreneur's guide to venture capital finance: First, they explain why VCs require rates of return that are considerably higher—even after adjusting for difference in risk—than the returns required by the shareholders of established companies. Their explanation focuses on differences of opinion between overly optimistic entrepreneurs and less sanguine VCs. Second, the authors discuss the difficulty faced by entrepreneurs when trying to understand the actual cost of VC financing (including the dilution of value that occurs when entrepreneurs fail to meet targets or milestones). The problem can be traced to deal structure terms that typically call for the VC to receive preferential treatment in the event the entrepreneur's scenario does not turn out to be accurate. More specifically, entrepreneurs often grant VCs control rights as well as liquidation rights that, when things go wrong, dramatically increase the effective cost to entrepreneurs of venture financing.     

中国本土风险投资业期待拐点出现

在经历了连续数年的沉寂之后,2005年,中国风险投资业出现了喜人的反弹迹象:风险投资资本持续放大、投资活动更为活跃、退出金额再创新高。但是,面对这一切,许多本土的风险投资者却高兴不起来。在中国风险投资市场上扮演主角的,仍是财大势雄的境外风险投资机构。本土的风险投资机构无论是从投资额、投资项目还是投资效益上,都只能充当配角,甚至有萎缩的迹象     

Finance as a Barrier to Entry: Bank Competition and Industry Structure in Local U.S. Markets

This paper tests how competition in local U.S. banking markets affects the market structure of nonfinancial sectors. Theory offers competing hypotheses about how competition ought to influence firm entry and access to bank credit by mature firms. The empirical evidence, however, strongly supports the idea that in markets with concentrated banking, potential entrants face greater difficulty gaining access to credit than in markets in which banking is more competitive.     

Liquidity Risk and Venture Capital Finance

This article provides theory and evidence in support of the proposition that venture capitalists adjust their investment decisions according to liquidity conditions on IPO exit markets. We refer to technological risk as a choice variable in terms of the characteristics of the entrepreneurial firm in which the venture capitalist invests, and liquidity risk as the current and expected future external exit market conditions. We show that in times of expected illiquidity of exit markets (high liquidity risk), venture capitalists invest proportionately more in new high-tech and early-stage projects (high technology risk) in order to postpone exit requirements. When exit markets are liquid, venture capitalists rush to exit by investing more in later-stage projects. We further provide complementary evidence that shows that conditions of low liquidity risk give rise to less syndication. Our theory and supporting empirical results facilitate a unifying theme that links related research on illiquidity in private equity.     

Convertible Securities and Venture Capital Finance

This paper offers a new explanation for the prevalent use of convertible securities in venture capital finance. Convertible securities can be used to endogenously allocate cash‐flow rights as a function of the state of the world and the entrepreneur's effort. This property can be used to induce the entrepreneur and the venture capitalist to invest efficiently into the project. The result is robust to renegotiation and to changes in the timing of investments and information flows. The model is consistent with the observations that conversion is often automatic and that convertible securities are rarely used by outside investors.     

Taxation and Venture Capital Backed Entrepreneurship

In recent years, venture capital has increasingly become a factor in the financing of new firms. We examine how the value of mature firms determines the incentives of entrepreneurs to start up new firms and of venture capitalists to finance and advise them. We examine how capital gains taxes as well as subsidies to start-up costs of new firms affect venture capital backed entrepreneurship. We also argue that dividend and capital gains taxes on mature firms have important consequences for start-up firms as well.     

风险资本与“新金融”体系的初成

风险资本是指由职业金融家投入到新兴的、迅速发展的、蕴藏着巨大竞争潜力的企业中的一种权益资本,本质上可以理解为是聚合人力资本的金融资本.风险投资的制度创新特性使之与保守的传统金融相区别,它的发展推动了技术创新,重新构建了社会总资本的循环过程,并促使新金融体系逐渐形成.     

美国、德国创业资本市场比较研究

美国人自踏足美洲以来就充满了富于冒险的精神，而在欧洲大陆老牌的资本主义国家中，沉稳，守旧已经沉淀为文化的一部分，不可能轻易更改。这种商业文化上的差异最终造成了欧洲在科技创新和创业投资领域大幅度落后于美国。……     

创业投资与自主创新体系建设

在全球经济一体化的今天,中国的崛起令世人瞩目,但是在世界高新技术革命和产业革命的机遇面前,国内不少行业和企业却屡屡在核心技术上受制于人。科技自主创新能力的不足,不仅严重影响中国企业的生存和发展, 而且成为当前制约我国产业竞争力提升的突出瓶颈。2005年“两会”期间,温总理在政府工作报告中指出:一个国家能否在国际竞争中长久地保持优势,取决于科技进步的速度与自主创新的能力,并要求将建立和完善以企业为主体的科技创新体制作为这项工作的重中之重。勿容置疑,在这个体制中,金融制度的支持无疑是不可或缺的一环,而金融制度安排中的一个关键问题就是大力发展创业投资,通过创业投资实现金融和科技一体化,引导更多的资金投向创新型企业,以促进自主创新能力的提升和高新技术产业的发展。     

Competitive Effects of Disclosure in a Strategic Entry Model

We investigate the welfare consequences of incumbent firms' mutual disclosure of cost information when there is a threat of entry from a firm not required to disclose its private cost information. New effects of disclosure are observed relative to no-entry models, with the result that incumbents' expected output is a decreasing function of the disclosure level. However, further analysis shows that increased disclosure usually increases incumbent expected profits and decreases expected consumer surplus, despite the additional entry effect of disclosure. Such analytical derivations provide objective input to the FASB as they attempt to predict the competitive effects of changing mandated disclosure requirements.     

风险投资资金跨境流动的外汇管理

风险投资作为一种国际新兴的投资形式,其通过寻找价值层脱节、升值空间可扩张的机会,分析价值分离原因、时间和空间并以此作为投资、收购的依据。它的商业赢利模式和操作特点是充分发挥资本杠杆放大原则,力求利用最少的资金、最小的风险,达到最大的回报。其在资本逐利的同时,推动了产业科技的快速发展,在当今经济     

创业投资业:从技术创新到制度创新

技术创新是我国经济结构调整的重要推动力,而创业投资是推动技术创新的重要手段,良好的创业投资制度安排则是促进科学技术转化为生产力的有力保障.本文从分析我国当前经济问题的角度入手,论证了创业投资在推动技术创新中的作用,以及制度创新与创业投资业发展之间相辅相成的关系,并在此基础上,提出了创业投资运作机制的设想.     

美国风险投资波动的影响因素分析

本通过建立计量经济模型，从宏观层面研究了过去26年里影响美国风险投资波动的各项因素。回归分析结果表明：第一，GDP及与之相连的资本市场表现是影响风险投资发展的长期因素；第二，风险投资的发展必须依靠私人养老基金的支持，这是一个普遍的现象；第三，资本利得税对风险投资的影响更多地是通过需求方而非供给方来实现的；第四，美国风险投资具有较强的区域性，研发费用越高的区域，风险投资数量也越多。     

The Impact of Venture Capital Monitoring

We show that venture capitalists' (VCs) on‐site involvement with their portfolio companies leads to an increase in both innovation and the likelihood of a successful exit. We rule out selection effects by exploiting an exogenous source of variation in VC involvement: the introduction of new airline routes that reduce VCs' travel times to their existing portfolio companies. We confirm the importance of this channel by conducting a large‐scale survey of VCs, of whom almost 90% indicate that direct flights increase their interaction with their portfolio companies and management, and help them better understand companies' activities.     

入驻创业家:风险投资的EIR模式

入驻创业家自身的人力资本,能以更低的成本整合更多的人力资源,以及来自供应商、客户和金融机构的力量     

创业投资制度先行

今年召开的全国科技大会提出了建设“创新型国家”的战略。要实现这一战略目标就必须使创新经济在我国经济总量中达到相当的比例。从当今世界“创新驱动经济体”的经验看,创业投资、资本市场与创新经济密不可分,一般都要形成如下的循环：创业投资通过价值发现、投资与培育,将成功可能性较大的优质创新资源输送到证券市场(创业投资收益)；证券市场的众多投资者分享创新经济的高增长(资本市场繁荣)；投资者财富增加又会带来对创新经济部门的更多投资与消费(创新经济发展)。