New Product Development Process: A Perspective for Reexamination

In spite of the increased sophistication of new product development processes, the percentage of successful new product introductions has not improved significantly in the last two decades. This calls for a reexamination of the new products development process. Yoram Wind and Vijay Mahajan suggest 13 strategic guidelines for the development of new or modified products. These guidelines, if followed, could improve a firm's chances of developing and introducing successful new products.     

天然气化工工业应用现状、前景分析及发展建议

天然气是一种优质、清洁的绿色能源,同时也是一种非常重要的化工原料,在产量与技术经济等方面具有一定的优势。我国有着比较丰富的天然气资源,为了能够创造更多的效益,有必要加强对天然气化工工业的深入研究与开发,从而进一步改善我国能源结构,大力推动低碳经济的发展。文章重点分析了天然气化工工业的技术现状与发展趋势,并探究我国本行业存在的一些问题,并在此基础上就天然气化工的未来发展进行了全面思考。     

沿海发达地区低碳农业发展的现状、问题与对策——以浙江省为例

低碳农业是低碳经济背昔下农业转型的必然趋向,是短期内产业节能减排潜力的核心体现。文章以浙江省为研究视角,对低碳农业发展的现状、难点问题进行了分析。在此基础上,提出了浙江省低碳农业发展的“抓带跨越”战略构想、发展生产服务部门来支撑产业提升、推进产业与价值的双链条重构和农业低碳产业形象塑造与推广等战略对策。     

制备烯烃的各类原料的现状与发展前景

长期以来,生产乙烯的原料主要为石油和天然气。目前油气价格飞涨、资源日益匮乏,非油气的多元化资源的开发利用受到各国广泛重视。文章综述了生产烯烃的各类原料的现状及发展前景。现阶段以油气资源为原料的蒸汽裂解工艺是生产乙烯的主要手段,乙醇制烯烃工艺在巴西获得重大突破,煤制烯烃工艺正在中国实现工业化,将获得较大发展。     

新疆玛纳斯县农民创业信贷需求现状及建议

在新疆玛纳斯县新农村建设进程中,玛纳斯县农民是主要的建设者和受益者。在追求自身发展进程中,玛纳斯县农民存在显著的信贷需求,但是这种信贷需求的具体表现形式并不清晰。依据玛纳斯县农民创业信贷需求问卷的调查资料,对玛纳斯县农民信贷需求的特征进行尝试性的总结,指出当前玛纳斯县农民创业信贷需求中存在需求不能被充分满足、农民金融素质不理想等问题,并得出若干结论。     

制备烯烃的各类原料的现状与发展前景

长期以来,生产乙烯的原料主要为石油和天然气.目前油气价格飞涨、资源日益匮乏,非油气的多元化资源的开发利用受到各国广泛重视.文章综述了生产烯烃的各类原料的现状及发展前景.现阶段以油气资源为原料的蒸汽裂解工艺是生产乙烯的主要手段,乙醇制烯烃工艺在巴西获得重大突破,煤制烯烃工艺正在中国实现工业化,将获得较大发展.     

中小型纺织企业现行状况与发展前景

我国是纺织品生产大国也是最大的纺织品消耗国。我国的纺织品生产量占世界总产量的40%以上,将来相当长的时间内也不会改变。近几年来纺织行业在对外贸易总额中一直排在前列,为我国创造了大量的外汇。同时我们也应该看到我国纺织行业存在着不足,下一步如何使纺织业健康有序发展,则成为业内人士值得思考和努力的方向。     

Perspective: Economic Conditions,Entrepreneurship, First‐Product Development,and New Venture Success*

Entrepreneurial ventures have a significant impact on new job creation and economic growth, but existing evidence indicates that most entrepreneurial ventures fail. This paper reports key insights from VENSURV, a new database that tracks the success and failure of ventures founded since 1998. Based on an analysis of 539 new ventures founded during the years 1991–2001, the following conclusions are reached. First, consistent with prior research, less than half of the 539 ventures survived more than two years. Second, economic downturns lead to higher failure rates for new ventures. Third, new venture success is highly correlated with first‐product success. Fourth, first‐product success is enhanced when those products are introduced into markets with emerging market needs but with established industry standards. Finally, first‐product and venture performance are significantly higher for products based on ideas that came from the founders. In addition, the most successful first products are based on ideas that reflect both technology development and an analysis of customer needs.     

我国信息服务业发展现状及对策研究

在描述我国信息服务业发展现状的基础上,分析信息服务业在发展过程中存在的问题,从优化信息服务业体系,加强企业自主创新,加快人才培养等方面提出促进我国信息服务业发展的对策。     

The Augmented Service Offering: A Conceptualization and Study of Its Impact on New Service Success

Unlike companies that produce tangible goods, service firms typically cannot rely on product advantage as a means for ensuring the success of a new service. Developing a competitive response to a tangible product may require significant investments of time and effort. In many cases, however, competitors can easily duplicate the core elements of a firm's new service. This fundamental difference between new products and new services means that managers who hope to find the keys to new-service success must look to factors other than sustainable product advantage. Chris Storey and Christopher Easingwood suggest that managers must understand the totality of the service offering from the customer's perspective. They explain that the purchase of a service is influenced not only by the service itself, but also by such factors as the service firm's reputation and the quality of the customer's interaction with the firm's systems and staff—in other words, by the augmented service offering (ASO). Using the results of a study they conducted in the consumer financial services industry in the U.K., they identify the components of the ASO, and they examine the relative contributions of these components to the success of new services. In their model, the ASO comprises three elements: the service product, service augmentation, and marketing support. The core of the ASO—the service product—includes such dimensions as product quality, product distinctiveness, and perceived risk. The study's results suggest that improvements in the service product open up new opportunities for the firm, but have only modest effects on sales and profitability. Rounding out the ASO model are service augmentation and marketing support. Service augmentation encompasses such dimensions as distribution strength, staff-customer interactions, and reputation. The customer recognizes and responds to these elements of the ASO, but they are not part of the product core. Marketing support involves those marketing and management actions that affect the quality of the product and its augmentation, even though customers typically are not aware of them. These elements include knowledge of the marketplace, training of contact staff, and internal marketing. Enhanced service augmentation has significant effects on profitability and sales for the firms in this study, but it does not offer enhanced opportunities. The marketing support elements contribute significantly to all aspects of performance for the firms in this study.     

天津市生产性服务业发展现状与制约因素分析

近年来,作为现代服务业核心的生产性服务业得到迅猛发展,已经成为我国经济新的增长点.理论界对生产性服务的研究方兴未艾.但是,也应该看到,生产性服务业有发展不平衡、对地方经济辐射力不够等诸多问题,本文通过对比交通运输、仓储、和邮政业等五大主要生产性服务业的发展现状,获得经验,并对天律生产服务业的优化发展提出设想.     

Sectoral Heterogeneity in New Service Development: An Exploratory Study of Service Types and Success Factors

The service industry is of fundamental relevance for the economies of industrialized countries, as the service industry produces the highest growth in the gross domestic product. In this regard, new service development (NSD) represents a critical resource for competitive survival and a decisive factor of growth in the service industry. However, service firms across many industries are increasingly faced with the challenge of determining how best to manage their development of new service offerings. Although researchers have shown growing interest in NSD issues, this area is still underutilized. Furthermore, although the heterogeneity of the service industry has been emphasized for years, the current body of research on NSD mainly focuses on specific service environments, providing data that are often not comparable across different service sectors. Additionally, there is no study to date that comprehensively examines innovation activities and the relevance of service innovations’ success factors within different service industries. The aim of this exploratory study is to establish a more balanced picture of the nature of innovation activities in terms of NSD characteristics and success factors in the heterogeneous service industry. From this perspective, this paper begins with an examination of the factors that contribute to the success of NSD. Based on a meta‐analysis of new service success factor studies, 17 different success determinants are classified and aggregated to service‐related success determinants. Subsequently, a cluster analysis of 1016 service companies is used to identify different service innovation types. For the service sector, four service innovation types are determined: efficient developers, innovative developers, interactive adopters, and standardized adopters. Furthermore, based on interviews with service innovation managers, the previously identified success factors are examined for each innovation type using a standardized survey. Finally, based on the results of this exploratory study, the paper concludes with recommendations for NSD management and research propositions for each service innovation type. These propositions support innovation managers to successfully manage service innovations for the innovation type they are operating in.     

适应新形势 开创新局面 建设现代行业协会 服务电力工业发展——在中电联第三次理事会第四次会议上的工作报告（摘要）

两年来工作的回顾一、积极参与电力体制改革,及时提出建议党的十五届四中全会提出了电力体制改革的任务,明确了电力体制改革的方向。2000年8月电力体制改革协调领导小组成立,标志着电力体制改革正式启动。中电联作为小组成员,认真学习领会党中央、国务院关于电力体制改革的精神,坚持和党中央、国务院保持一致,始终把积极参与、支持改革作为自己义不容辞的责任。始终把深入调研、反映问题、沟通情况、提出建议作为自己的角色定位。在改革方案的研究制定阶段,积极调查研究,倾听各方面的意见,努力把握改革的方向,客观反映电力企业的呼声,提出了…     

如何做好新时期企业标准化信息服务工作

随着我国正式加入WTO，标准化在技术壁垒中越来越起到非常重要的作用。许多企业已有了专（兼）职标准化工作人员，甚至大型企业还建立了标准化科，标准化研究所等，但如何做好新时期企业标准化信息服务工作，促进产品质量水平的提高，确是值得我们深思的一个问题。下面就这个问题淡淡本人的看法。     

Marketing Hype: A New Perspective for New Product Research and Introduction

Marketing research procedures typically used to support new product development activities often emphasize the collection of data from potential customers, even when the product success depends on the decisions of a number of key stakeholders such as distributors, media, etc. Consequently, most conventional product introduction efforts focus on a target customer segment and ignore the needs of other stakeholders. These narrowly concentrated research efforts can lead to unfounded expectations regarding the product performance. Similarly, the lopsided focus on consumers can lead to reduced marketing effectiveness. Jerry Wind and Vijay Mahajan argue for the recognition of the process of "marketing hype," a set of prelaunch activities leading to the creation of a supportive market environment. This can lead to the creation of broader strategies that focus on the key stakeholders as subjects for new product research, and targets for the introductory marketing programs. This could lead to a richer understanding of the intergroup influences on the adoption of the new product and increase the chances of a successful new product launch.     

服务外包发展的国际比较及其对天津的启示——基于印度、爱尔兰和以色列三国的分析

随着经济全球化和信息技术的飞速发展,全球产业正在经历从制造业向服务业转型,服务外包作为国际产业升级的新态势,已经成为世界各国提升产业竞争力的重要引擎。文章以印度、爱尔兰和以色列三国服务外包的发展经验作为参考,结合天津服务外包产业发展的现状与问题,从政策、人才、企业3个方面,提出了天津加快发展服务外包产业的路径选择。     

The Transformation of the Innovation Process: How Digital Tools are Changing Work,Collaboration, and Organizations in New Product Development*

Over the past several decades, digitization has invaded all areas of human activity, including innovation. The result of digitization of existing tools for design and collaboration, and the introduction of entirely new digital tools, is a far more substantive change of innovation than previous generations of tools enabled. It affects not only the quality of the output and speed of its generation, but it affects the innovation work itself, changes work content, collaboration patterns, decision authority, organizational set‐ups, governance structures, firm boundaries, and ultimately entire ecosystems. In this paper, the digitization of New Product Development (NPD), a subset of innovation, is studied to pursue two research questions: (1) How has the digital tool landscape in NPD changed over the past 15 years, and (2) how have these changes affected how firms innovate? This research uses a longitudinal multi‐method, qualitative approach to deep dive into actual use cases of digital design tools such as computer‐aided design CAD and new tools such as collaborative information technology (CIT). The changes in these tools and observations into how these tools are transforming the very nature of how things are designed is the research focus of this study. These tools have become increasingly more sophisticated while being easier to use and are integrated earlier in the design process. As a result, digital tools have a far broader reaching impact than previous generation of tools. Not only do they affect output and process efficiency, but they also increase depth and breadth of the work of individual innovators, they lead to rearrangement of the entire innovation processes, enable new configurations of people, teams, and firms, and rewrite the rules on how knowledge management acts as a critical competitive capability. The progression of digitization is laying the groundwork for changes to what firms are and do and points to different ways of organizing, specializing, and training for NPD professionals.     

Customer Involvement in New Service Development: An Examination of Antecedents and Outcomes*

Customer involvement has been recognized as an important factor for successful service development. Despite its acknowledged importance, a review of the literature suggests that there is little empirical evidence about the effectiveness and outcomes of interacting with customers while developing new services. Similarly, the extant literature shows mixed views about the effect of technological uncertainty on customer involvement and the effectiveness of customer involvement at different stages of the new service development process. Against this backdrop, the present study has three objectives: (1) to investigate the effects of customer involvement on operational dimensions (i.e., innovation speed and technical quality) and market dimensions (i.e., competitive superiority and sales performance) of new service performance; (2) to examine the effect of technological novelty and technological turbulence on customer involvement; and (3) to explore the moderating effect of the stage of the development process on the relationships among technological novelty, technological turbulence and customer involvement, and customer involvement and new service performance. A total of 807 firms with 75 or more employees in a varied set of industries were selected from the Dun & Bradstreet's 2004 listing of Spanish service firms. A questionnaire was mailed to the person in charge of new service development at each company. A total of 102 complete questionnaires were returned. Findings reveal that whereas customer involvement has a positive direct effect on technical quality and innovation speed, it has an indirect effect on competitive superiority and sales performance through both technical quality and innovation speed. The study also finds a positive effect of technological novelty as well as technological turbulence on customer involvement. Contrary to expectations, the study does not find any moderating effects of the stage of the development process. This study has several theoretical and managerial implications. In terms of theoretical implications, the study supports the role of technological uncertainty (novelty and turbulence) as an antecedent to customer involvement. It also provides empirical evidence of the impact of customer involvement on operational and market dimensions of new service performance. In terms of managerial implications, the study offers critical insights on how customer involvement in new service development translates into improved new service performance. Furthermore, it reveals that the importance of customer involvement in technologically uncertain contexts and its impact on new service performance are independent of the stage of the development process, suggesting that managers should involve customers throughout the entire development process.     

中国高新技术开发区发展现状分析与综合评价

中国高新技术开发区经过20多年的发展,成为了中国区域经济发展的重要增长极,本文首先通过对中国高新技术开发区的现状分析,指出目前中国国家级高新区发展的主要存在问题,然后使用综合评价法,构建综合指标评价体系,对2007～2010年的中国国家级高新区进行了综合评分,最后通过分析各高新区排名变动趋势,探讨了各区发展趋势与存在问题.