Stock Market Response to Voluntary Liquidations and Reorganizations of Real Estate Corporations

Announcements of voluntary liquidation or reorganization by real estate corporations are analyzed. There is a positive stock price response to announcement of liquidation, and a negative stock price response to announcements of reorganization. Results were the same before and after the 1978 Bankruptcy Reform Act took affect.     

民营企业战略联盟的风险控制问题研究

民营企业结成战略联盟后,存在着不同程度的风险,为使民营企业战略联盟顺利进行,需要对联盟过程中的不同风险进行识别并对各种风险进行控制。     

Market Orientation and R&D Effectiveness in High‐Technology Firms: An Empirical Investigation in the Biotechnology Industry*

There seems to be lack of consensus among informed scholars about the importance a of market orientation for high‐technology firms. This paper gives a comprehensive review of existing empirical studies on the relationship between market orientation and innovation performance and pinpoints two limitations in this research stream that might be at the origin of such controversy. First, extant research often overlooked key innovation outcomes for high‐technology firms, such as those related to research and development (R&D) performance. Second, organizational conditions that can ensure an optimal integration of market knowledge in the innovation process have been less analyzed in the case of these firms. Against this background, the present study contributes to the literature by providing a test of the effect of market orientation on R&D effectiveness and the moderating role of knowledge integration in this relationship, using a sample of Italian biotechnology firms. The study's objectives are addressed in two steps. The first one consists of an in‐depth qualitative study based on semistructured interviews in five biotechnology firms. The second step consists of a follow‐up survey of 50 biotechnology firms. Results from hierarchical multiple regression analysis show that the different dimensions of a market orientation have diverse effects on R&D effectiveness of high‐technology firms: whereas interfunctional coordination has a positive main effect, the effect of customer orientation is moderated by knowledge integration, and competitor orientation has no effect on R&D effectiveness. Post hoc analyses also show two additional results involving a broader set of dependent variables. First, R&D effectiveness mediates the effects of customer orientation and interfunctional coordination on organizational performance. Second, market orientation does not appear to significantly affect R&D efficiency. The present study contributes to current literature in two main respects. First, it adds to previous work on market orientation and innovation by proposing a new dependent variable—R&D effectiveness—which offers a better perspective to understand the impact of market orientation on innovation performance in high‐technology contexts. Second, while part of the current debate on the role of market orientation in high‐tech markets seems to be polarized by positions that sustain its potential drawbacks or, on the contrary, its advantages, this study's findings on the moderating role of knowledge integration shed light on important contingency factors, such as organizational capabilities. The authors discuss the study's limitations and provide directions for future research.     

Barriers to Matching New Technologies and Market Opportunities in Established Firms

In industries that produce high‐technology products or are reliant on technology for administrative or manufacturing processes, it is essential appropriately to link technologies to markets in order to increase shareholder value and to build future cash flows. Research and development (R&D) allocations in such industries are greatly dependent on forecasts of the R&D project's estimated potential contribution to future cash flows, which is related to the project's ability to satisfy current or future customer needs. The resource allocation decisions are difficult, however, since both markets and technology are likely to be highly uncertain. Although the innovation literature ably has addressed specific relationships between certain factors and new product development outcomes, less attention has been given to obstacles faced in linking technology to markets. Grounded in a literature‐based discussion of technology and market opportunity, the authors develop a conceptual framework for identifying and understanding the barriers facing managers in the process of matching technologies to market opportunities. Technology and market barriers include technology‐market linkage, technology availability, technology and market capabilities of competitors, and business model feasibility. Strategy and structure barriers include competition for limited resources, technology capabilities, technology portfolio goals, current market strategies, and competition for control of market charters. Social and cultural barriers include interpretive and communication barriers between functional units and language and cultural barriers within the technology workforce. The article concludes with implications for researchers and managers. The conceptual framework presented here can encourage the development of a stream of research in the area of technology strategy and planning processes, allowing researchers to improve our understanding of the process of technology innovation. Managers can use the framework as a guide for addressing a wide range of issues related to the process of matching technologies to market opportunities. For example, rather than relying strictly on cash flow projections for estimating the value of a new technology, managers also should consider how the technology could create new market opportunities or could reshape existing ones.     

机构投资者与股票市场风险关系的实证研究综述

机构投资者作为证券市场的主要参与者,其对股票市场有何影响一直是一个重要课题。本文从股票市场风险的角度回顾了国内外有关机构投资者在资本市场中作用的相关研究,最后,认为结合中国特殊的市场环境,研究机构投资者与股票市场风险关系是未来研究的方向。     

跨国并购、战略联盟与网络型寡占市场结构的形成

20世纪90年代中期以来，跨国并购和战略联盟的迅速发展正在改变跨国公司所处的传统市场结构，网络型的寡占结构随之形成。在这种以知识为基础的新型寡占结构下，跨国公司之间的竞争重点由对国际、国内市场的争夺转为全球范围内的不断创新，而企业驾驭战略关系的能力也成为其竞争成败的关键。     

The Number of Firms and Production Capacity in Relation to Market Size

Many oligopoly theories predict a positive correlation between market size and the equilibrium number of firms and some also imply that competition is more intense in larger markets. We test these predictions on a sample of driving schools in 250 Swedish regional markets by estimating the relation between the number of firms, production capacity, and market size. The number of firms increases less than proportionally with market size. Market size per capacity unit is smaller in large markets. Since firms produce a fairly homogenous good, we argue that this is evidence that profits per capita is decreasing in market size.     

Employee Stock Ownership Plans and Productivity in Japanese Manufacturing Firms

By using a large new enterprise-level data set, and evidence drawn from case studies, we show that Japanese employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) are a pervasive and neglected institution. In 1988, more than 90% of all firms listed on Japanese stock markets had an ESOP, and close to 50% of the labour force in firms with ESOPs participated in the plan. Micro data and a production function framework are used to examine the effects on business performance of ESOPs. On average, the net effect of introducing an ESOP is to increase productivity by almost 7%.     

破解股市之“迷”—发展股市亟待解决的几个问题

如何评价十年来我国股票市场的功过是非问题一是证券市场的规模得到了极大的提升。截止２０００年年底，我国的股票市价总值达到４．８万亿元，占GDP的比重达到了５７％，境内外上市公司的家数达到１２１１家；二是股票市场在国民经济发展中的作用越来越大，据国家统计局有关专家的分析，证券业对经济增长的直接贡献率已由１９９６年的１．９％上升到２０００年的５．４％；三是证券业作为一个新兴行业已初步确立了在国民经济中的产业地位，而且还带动了相关产业如传媒业、金融业、电子信息业等产业的发展；四是股票市场的快速发展极大地…     

创业板市场的运作规则与《公司法》的冲突

近一、二十年来 ,世界各国纷纷设立了针对高新技术企业和中小成长型企业的股票市场———创业板市场。创业板市场的建立不仅能为创业企业提供融资支持 ,为风险投资提供出口 ,而且对高科技产业的发展、经济结构的调整、资本市场的完善以及国民经济的持续增长都将产生巨大的作用。我国不久将设立创业板市场。创业板市场作为一个全新的相对独立的市场 ,将在股票发行、上市、交易、监管以及股权设置等方面有别于主板市场。由于没有类似国有股、法人股、转配股不能流通等历史遗留问题 ,创业板市场一开始就会以高起点、高标准来运作和发展。它的设…     

*ST江纸:大演财务魔术为求恢复上市

近期在包装板块里，最吸引眼球的非*ST江纸(600053)莫属。已经是场外队员的*ST江纸不甘平庸，为投资者贡献了一份“耀眼”的三季度财务报告。2004年7～9月实现净利润17，470万元，一个季度每股盈利就达0．92元，三个季度累计每股盈利1．05元。短短几个月的功夫，一个亏损累累的“垃圾股”一跃成为沪、深两市名列前茅的绩优股，其变化之快，当真令人瞠目结舌。     

Learning to Reduce Interorganizational Learning: An Analysis of Architectural Product Innovation in Strategic Alliances*

There is wide agreement in analyses of strategic alliances that, regardless of the purpose of the alliance, members of the partner organizations should engage in intensive mutual learning to make the alliance a success. In contrast to this view, the present article shows that in strategic alliances aimed at product innovations by recombining partners' extant technologies, learning between specialists can be reduced considerably without jeopardizing success. This is made possible through four interconnected mechanisms integrated into the concept of transactive organizational learning (TOL): (1) modularization, which allows specialists of different domains to develop modules to a large extent independently of each other and to concentrate communication between themselves on the design of interfaces between modules; (2) storing of knowledge in artifacts instead of in organizational members' memories; (3) localization of knowledge not present in the project team but for which a need has arisen through transactive memory; and (4) knowledge integration by prototyping (i.e., by repeated testing of modules and of interactions between modules until a satisfactorily working end product is achieved). Although these four mechanisms reduce the need for cross‐learning between specialists of different domains, some common knowledge and some cross‐learning between the partners' specialists is still required. Case studies on four of SAP's strategic alliances for product innovation with different partners lend empirical support to this study's concept. The article concludes with implications for practice: Companies should find out whether the TOL mechanisms that reduce time to market are present, to what extent their potential is exploited, and how well they work together.     

REIT Stock Market Volatility and Expected Returns

We study the relation between REIT stock volatility and future returns, focusing particularly on the financial crisis period of 2007–2009. There is ongoing debate about whether stock volatility can forecast future returns. Our findings suggest that REIT‐implied volatility is negatively related to contemporaneous stock returns; there is a significant positive relationship between REIT implied volatility and future stock volatility; and there is a significant negative relation between REIT implied volatility and future stock returns. Lastly, we develop trading rules based on REIT implied volatility to test whether these relationships are exploitable. The result suggests a potentially profitable trading strategy.     

中国股市周期与经济周期的动态关联研究

本文运用动态条件相关估计方法(DCC)来考察中国股市周期与真实经济周期以及金融经济周期的动态关系。研究发现,在样本期间内(1996年1月~2010年12月),股市周期与金融经济周期以及真实经济周期的动态相关关系基本上为正相关关系,可见我国股票市场的周期波动很大程度上受到真实经济周期波动与金融经济周期波动的共同影响。与真实经济周期相比较而言,金融经济周期与股市周期的动态关联程度更高,而且在不同的牛熊市阶段,股市周期与真实经济周期以及金融经济周期的动态关联也各不相同,体现了不同牛熊市阶段的运行特征。总体来看,股市周期与真实经济周期以及金融经济周期之间的动态关联在不断加强。虽然股市周期与真实经济周期以及金融经济周期的运行并不会完全同步,但是反映真实经济周期指标与金融经济周期指标的重要高低点是判断股市周期运行顶底的一个重要参考依据。     

小企业与大市场对接的内涵、特征及对接度研究

一、小企业与大市场对接的内涵、特征1.小企业与大市场对接的内涵小企业与国内外大市场对接是一个覆盖面很广的实务 ,而不是一个理论化的概念 ,很难用学院式的定义来界定。一是对接的两个主体 (小企业与大市场 ) ,由于其内涵的广泛性造成了对接的载体 (产品或服务 )多样性和动态性 ;二是对接的环境各不相同 ,造成了对接层次的不同和对接形式的多样 ,等等。尽管如此 ,对接作为一种企业行为 ,可归纳为“建立在三个保证体系基础上的一个连续的、动态的、周而复始、螺旋上升的经济技术活动过程”。三个保证体系可以归纳为 :1对接的载体产品 (服…     

Strategic Mutual Learning Between Producing and Buying Firms During Product Innovation

The product innovation activities and strategies employed by successful innovators often differ from those used by firms having more mature products. Marketing strategies for innovating firms can vary along two dimensions of knowledge: technological development (stable and evolving) and market needs (known and emerging). In addition, producers often commit to forms of strategic relationships with their buyers because of the difficulties encountered when buying firms adopt and implement technological innovations. Starting with these two orienting constructs from the literature, Patricia Meyers and Gerard Athaide describe the kinds of learning that develop between producers and buyers when markets for a technological innovation are forming.     

Strategic Suppliers' Technical Contributions to New Product Advantage: Substitution and Configuration Options

Current theory lacks clarity on how different kinds of resources contribute to new product advantage, or how firms can combine different resources to achieve a new product advantage. While several studies have identified different firm‐specific resources that influence new product advantage, comparatively little research has explored the contribution of strategic supplier resources. Combining resource‐based and relational perspectives, this study develops a theoretical model investigating how a strategic supplier's technical capabilities impact focal firm new product advantage and how firms combine different resources to gain this advantage. The model is tested using detailed survey data collected from 153 interorganizational new product development projects in the United Kingdom within which a strategic supplier had been extensively involved. Empirical results support our research hypotheses. First, supplier technical performance is shown to have a significant positive impact on new product advantage. Next, we show that while supplier technical capabilities have a positive influence on supplier technical performance, the a priori nature of the supplier's task moderates the relationship. Finally, our data support our hypotheses related to the positive relationship between relationship‐specific absorptive capacity and new product advantage, and the proposed negative moderation of supplier technical capabilities on this relationship. Based upon these findings, we encourage managers to recognize that strategic suppliers' with greater technical capabilities perform better regardless of the degree of creativity required by their task; but that strategic suppliers with lower technical capabilities may partially compensate (substitute) for their lack of technical capabilities, if they are able to respond to high problem‐solving task requirements. Furthermore, we suggest that the firm's development of relationship‐specific absorptive capacity is much more important when a strategic supplier is less technically capable. A buying firm's relationship‐specific absorptive capacity can, according to our data, substitute for low supplier technical capabilities. On the other hand, where the supplier has strong technical capabilities, investments in relationship‐specific absorptive capacity have no effect on new product advantage. Our findings reinforce recent calls for research on how firms can combine different resources and capabilities to achieve superior performance.     

对一元股份制和二元股份制的比较

资本所有者仅以物质资本为客体的股权联合、集中所形成的股份制是一元股份制。这种企业制度没有改变劳动者的雇佣劳动地位，劳动者的劳动力仍然是商品，没有分享企业利润的权利，因此，这种企业制度不符合公有制的要求。资本所有者在承认物质资本股权的基础上，承认劳动力作为人力资本投入企业并享有股权，这种企业制度称之为二元股份制。它不仅解决了劳动者与生产资料所有权相分离的矛盾，而且解决了劳动者的劳动职能与生产资料所有权和剩余劳动所有权相分离的矛盾，实现了联合起来的劳动者占有全部生产力的目标，是公有制的最佳实现形式。