发明人才跨国流动对全球价值链地位的影响——行业异质性效应及其战略含义

全球范围内的发明人才流动对各国不同行业研发和生产分工进行了重构，加速了全球价值链地位的变动，为中国实现全球价值链地位攀升提供了新的机遇。本文探讨发明人才跨国流动是否提升了全球价值链地位及其可能的内在机制，利用2000—2014年PATSTAT数据和WIOD数据对世界各国(地区)技术异质性行业进行实证，研究发现：(1)在全球范围内，发明人才流入和流出均促进了高、中高和中低技术行业全球价值链地位攀升，同时降低了低技术行业间接附加值出口份额，推动其优化调整；(2)对全球价值链地位指数进行分解发现，受发明人才跨国双向流动影响，高技术和中高技术行业进口中间产品依赖缓解是其全球价值链地位攀升的主要机制，中低技术行业形成国内中间产品替代国外中间产品的攀升机制，低技术行业表现出行业内部的自我优化；(3)中高、中低技术行业发明人才流入和流出对其全球价值链地位的提升作用受经济危机影响较大，经济危机对高技术行业发明人才流动的促进作用没有显著影响。此外，合作更密切的国家(如欧盟成员国)之间发明人才跨国双向流动对全球价值链地位改善的效果更为显著。基于上述发现，本文提出了中国异质性行业吸引人才和攀升全球价值链高端...     

中日制造业参与全球价值链分工模式及地位分析*——基于世界投入产出表

本文基于世界投入产出表数据,通过构建后向和前向垂直专业化率及全球价值链地位指数,较全面地分析了中日两国制造业参与全球价值链的程度、模式和地位变化情况。结果表明：（1）中国制造业出口中国内增加值占比低于同期日本,其获益能力相对较低。（2）中日两国制造业后向和前向垂直专业化率均呈上升趋势,其参与全球价值链程度不断加深。（3）中国制造业参与全球价值链主要是以后向模式,而日本制造业主要是以前向模式。（4）中国制造业中国外增加值以最终产品为主,主要从事加工组装生产环节,而日本制造业中国外增加值以中间产品为主,专业化于关键零部件生产环节。（5）中日两国制造业主要是通过间接增加值出口实现全球价值链前向参与,且其国内的生产分工程度均在不断加深。（6）中国制造业位于全球价值链下游位置,且有一定的攀升趋势,而日本制造业位于全球价值链上游位置,但有一定的下滑趋势。     

开放型技术双元促进中国制造业全球价值链攀升了吗——基于微观数据的实证检验

以2008—2018年中国制造业13个子行业1853家企业微观数据为基础，构建Translog模型，分析开放型技术双元及其不同技术组合对中国制造业全球价值链（GVC）攀升的异质性影响。结果表明，企业有效平衡与吸收开放型技术双元形成的协同效应，能够降低进口竞争引致的要素替代成本，促进中国制造业GVC攀升向高技术探索与开发组合的内生驱动转化。技术开发成为中国制造业GVC攀升的充要条件，技术探索为充分不必要条件。在竞争效应和协同效应双重作用下，内资企业高技术开发组合成为推动中国制造业价值链攀升的主要驱动力，受技术门槛和技术控制约束，技术探索只有在内资企业具有足够开发能力时才能对价值链攀升产生显著影响。异质性双元组合催生形成中国制造业GVC攀升的多元化路径。劳动密集型行业依赖进口竞争攀升的低技术双元特征；资本密集型行业较高的外资吸收效率对母国开发与跨国开发技术组合吸收更具适应性，呈现出显著的市场竞争攀升特征；技术密集型行业积极的母国探索倾向与较高的技术开发能力形成技术协同攀升特征。     

FTA中TBT条款对中国全球价值链攀升的影响研究

基于2000—2014年中国签订的自由贸易协定（FTA）中技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）条款文本,使用自然语言文本处理法量化了中国各行业在FTA中TBT条款的合作水平,实证研究FTA中TBT条款对中国各行业全球价值链位置的影响。实证结果表明,FTA中TBT条款分别从降低贸易成本、促进技术创新、提高制度质量三个路径促进了中国各行业在全球价值链中的攀升。进一步分析发现,FTA中TBT条款对制造业和其他行业全球价值链攀升的促进作用明显,对中国服务业全球价值链攀升的影响不显著;相对于高技术制造业,低技术制造业的全球价值链攀升更容易受FTA中TBT条款的影响。中国政府应该更加积极地参与FTA中与贸易伙伴国的高水平TBT条款的谈判协商,充分发挥其对各行业全球价值链攀升的促进作用,同时重点关注对FTA中TBT条款敏感度较高的行业。     

数字化投入与全球价值链网络地位攀升——来自中国制造业的证据

利用WIOD世界投入产出与中国制造业面板数据,从全球生产网络视角分析数字化投入对中国制造业全球价值链网络地位的影响。结果发现:第一,数字化投入显著促进中国制造业全球价值链网络地位攀升,表现为数字化投入强度越大,行业全球价值链网络中心度越高;第二,产业链自主可控通过增强制造业关键链节的控制力和国内供给率从而对数字化投入与中国制造业全球价值链网络地位的关系具有正向调节作用,而贸易壁垒限制要素跨境流动,在一定程度上弱化了数字化投入的促进效应;第三,异质性检验显示,数字化投入对技术密集型行业的影响更为明显,并且数字基础设施投入有利于制造业全球价值链网络地位攀升,但数字媒体及交易投入的影响有限;第四,机制检验发现,数字化投入带来的成本降低和资源错配缓解效应是提升制造业全球价值链网络地位的渠道。研究结论为推进中国制造业数字化转型以及增强全球价值链分工地位提供了经验证据与政策依据。     

全球价值链下中国制造业国际分工地位研究

本文突破现有研究多是从产业或产品层面评价中国制造业国际分工地位的传统思路,采用兼顾出口与进口的净贸易指数,比较研究了全球价值链下中国制造业22个细分行业进出口贸易结构及其在价值链中不同生产环节的竞争力.结果显示,传统的出口总量统计法高估了中国制造业的国际分工地位,尤其是高技术制造业存在出口与实际竞争力相背离的“统计假象”.在价值链环节,中国制造业的竞争优势主要体现在价值链的低端环节,而零部件等高端环节存在较高的进口依赖度,呈现出明显的竞争劣势.     

全球价值链嵌入、知识产权保护与制造业创新能力

文章基于知识产权保护视角,理论分析并实证检验了全球价值链(GVC)嵌入对中国制造业创新能力的影响。研究发现：GVC嵌入程度总体降低了中国制造业创新能力,但深度参与GVC和提升GVC嵌入地位能够显著提升中国制造业创新能力。加强知识产权保护强度能够显著提高中国制造业创新能力,在制造业向GVC高端攀升的过程中,知识产权保护程度越过门槛值,知识产权保护才能强化GVC嵌入地位对制造业创新能力的促进作用。此外,提升高技术行业嵌入地位对制造业创新能力的提升并不显著,只有提升中低技术行业嵌入地位,才能显著提升中国制造业创新能力。文章研究结论对全面开放新格局下,中国制造业如何嵌入GVC以及实现价值链高端攀升和提升创新能力具有重要启示。     

人工智能条件下人口老龄化对全球价值链攀升的影响

人口老龄化进程的加快，正使中国嵌入全球价值链的传统优势逐步丧失。但人工智能的发展，一方面使劳动力的“体能型”要素在生产中的重要性下降；另一方面，随年龄增值的“技能型”要素有了更广阔的用武之地，成为中国参与全球价值链的新优势。本文基于中国制造业企业微观数据，对人口老龄化、人工智能和全球价值链攀升之间的关系进行实证检验。研究发现：人工智能弱化了人口老龄化对中国全球价值链分工地位的负面影响，并起到了一定的促进作用，这一结果在经过稳健性检验和内生性检验后依然成立。进一步区分“体能型”要素密集型行业和“技能型”要素密集型行业，研究表明，对于密集使用“体能型”要素的行业来说，人口老龄化会倒逼相关企业更大程度地应用人工智能，从而有利于其全球价值链分工地位的提高；对于密集使用“技能型”要素的行业来说，人工智能的应用使劳动力的年龄优势得到了充分发挥，从而有利于促进相关企业全球价值链分工地位的提高。上述研究从人工智能角度评估了人口老龄化对全球价值链攀升的影响，对辩证认识人口老龄化对价值链攀升的影响、加快制造业智能化转型发展从而弥补人口老龄化带来的传统优势丧失，有重要的政策含义。     

内涵服务与中国制造业分工地位提升：出口增加值视角*

作为重要的中间品，服务投入已经成为影响制造业分工地位的重要因素。基于出口增加值视角，本文利用WIOD数据库测算并考察了内涵服务对中国制造业分工地位的影响。结果表明：（1）尽管中国制造业出口增加值中内涵服务总额处于增长态势，但占比在金融危机以后出现了下降，且大大低于德国、日本等制造业强国，要素投入服务化趋势还没有充分显现；（2）内涵服务占比上升在总体上有利于中国制造业分工地位提高，且主要是通过内涵本国服务发挥作用；（3）进一步细分研究发现，中间产品内涵服务和来源于OECD国家的内涵服务对中国制造业分工地位提升作用更为显著。内涵服务占比较低是“中国制造”长期处于全球价值链中低端的重要原因。未来需要加快国内服务业改革开放和高端服务“引进来”，为制造业向中高端攀升提供强有力的支持。     

服务质量、技术创新与全球价值链地位攀升——来自中国的经验证据

当前中国正处于制造业转型升级的关键时期，全球价值链高端攀升是制造业转型升级的本质所在。本文利用WIOD数据库，测算了中国制造业生产投入的服务质量水平，并在此基础上探究了投入服务质量对全球价值链地位的影响效应及其作用机制。研究发现：投入服务质量对制造业全球价值链地位攀升具有显著的正向促进作用。区分投入服务来源后发现，投入的国内外服务质量均能显著促进制造业全球价值链地位攀升，但国外服务质量的促进效果更明显；区分投入服务结构后发现，不同类型服务质量都对制造业全球价值链地位攀升具有正向效应，但信息通讯和金融保险服务质量的效应更显著；区分制造业要素密集度后发现，劳动密集型制造业和资本密集型制造业投入的服务质量促进了全球价值链地位攀升，而知识密集型则表现出抑制作用；机制分析发现，技术创新是投入服务质量影响制造业全球价值链地位攀升的重要作用渠道。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Solidified Branding Function: How the Urban Brand Affects a Small Town’s Development? Case Study of Wangqingtuo,Tianjin, China

Chinese small towns are usually developed with single core industry,and the urban brand is the identity of a town that formed with the development of its indust...     

Nonlinearity in Stock Exchange Markets: The Case of Bist 100 Indices

In this paper,using data for the Bist 100 index,we investigate the presence of nonlinearities by employing several nonlinearity tests.The Brock,Dechert,and Sche...     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.