企业智力资本内在价值形成与特征的理论分析

企业智力资本是一个创造价值的系统。其内在价值是在智力资本各要素相互作用下,通过多种方式给企业带来未来现金流而形成。智力资本使用中不减值、多人在不同地方可同时使用、边际报酬递增使智力资本价值剧增。     

A Proposed Infrastructural Model for the Establishment of Organizational Ethical Systems

We define ethical system infrastructure as being composed of three major factors – means, motivation, and opportunity. Means are defined as organizational rules, policies, and procedures. Motivation focuses upon the values and the interests being pursued by the position occupant and the organizational value system, while opportunity is discussed in terms of the environment in which the dilemma occurs, proposing that position in the hierarchy presents its own unique set of ethical dilemmas. Ethical breeches are discussed in terms of the interactional processes among means, motivation, and opportunity. Finally, a sequential process is suggested to use the infrastructural components to institutionalize organizational ethics training and subsequent behavior.     

Impact of Asynchronous Learning Networks in Large Lecture Classes

The evolution of the computer-assisted personalized approach (CAPA) system and its use in large lecture classes is described. Increased individual student contact in these large classes of over 400 students has been established by implementing an asynchronous learning network (ALN). The two systems complement each other and provide the means to monitor and promote individual student performance at any time during the semester. During one semester poorly performing students were individually contacted by personalized e-mail to inform them of their standing and to encourage better performance. Results of this combined technological approach are presented.     

也谈现代物流管理目标

现代物流管理是对现代物流活动所进行的系统管理,物流管理的目的是总体效益最佳。物流管理不仅涉及在系统中不断转移的物资实体,也涉及使物资发生运动(包括储存)的手段(如运输、储存、装卸、搬运、包装等),与所使用的资金、设施、设备的规划、设计、选择、使用以及与此有关的经济、技术、劳务等方面的问题。     

Segmentation and Increasing Returns in the Evolutionary Dynamics of Competing Techniques

The diffusion process of two competing technologies is investigated by means of a multilayer niche model modified to encompass several hierarchically related levels, such as the case of fragmentation of the population of adopters between two competing technologies due, for instance, to product differentiation. The multilevel model describes how in each of two markets two groups of firms are producing different products, giving four products in total that can be produced by means of two techniques. The result is thus a model of competition within competition and diffusion within diffusion that generates a non‐linear dynamic system. The characteristics of the system are investigated by means of simulation. The long‐run behaviour of the model is sensitive to initial conditions, though an unfavourable start‐up can be overcome by means of increasing returns to scale. Indeed, returns to scale play a crucial role in determining the final outcome, although very high returns to scale imply instability. Furthermore, the winning technology need not be the most efficient and stability of a trajectory does not imply stability of the relative technique.     

移动电子商务交易支付的信任评价方法

移动支付是指交易双方为了某种货物或者业务通过移动设备进行商业交易.移动支付系统主体包括客户、商家、银行、移动支付服务提供商、移动运营商以及仲裁机构等.移动支付系统的运行环境十分复杂,在成员构成及运营方式上存在着很大差异.在移动支付系统中,主体较多,而且各主体的目标不尽相同,可能存在利益冲突,因而不同主体之间可能是完全信任、半信任或者完全不信任的关系.移动运营商、商家和移动支付服务提供商是客户对移动支付信任评价的关键.移动终端用户个人因素包括个人信任倾向、认知程度,移动商务网商因素包括卖家可信度、产品和服务质量,移动商务媒介因素包括界面友好程度、操作便捷程度、交互性、移动终端的多样性,移动商务交易环境因素主要包括技术保证、身份识别方式、位置敏感度、第三方认证、政策法规等.     

Purchasing Higher-Value,Higher-Price Offerings in Business Markets

Purpose: A conceptual framework is proposed and tested to better understand customers' purchase of higher-value, higher-price offerings in business markets. Ambiguity about superior value and consequences of obtaining superior value are the constructs in this framework. Ambiguity about superior value is meant to capture the concern and doubt that managers at customer firms have about whether their business will actually realize the cost savings or ability to earn incremental revenue and profits that suppliers claim for their offerings. Consequences of obtaining superior value refers to the outcomes that a customer manager anticipates or experiences in making a purchase decision for higher-value, higher-price offerings.

Methodology: Two operationalizations of each construct are studied in a pair of experiments with purchasing managers and plant maintenance managers.

Findings: Value evidence and incentive to change each receive significant support as mechanisms to reduce ambiguity about superior value. Notably, reference customers and pilot programs appear to be equally effective as value evidence in reducing ambiguity about superior value. In addition, the results provide strong empirical support that incentive to change operates as a threshold phenomenon, as predicted from social judgment theory. While no significant differences in purchase preferences are found for area of responsibility (purchasing versus plant maintenance managers), significant support is found for performance review and reward system as a manipulation of consequences of obtaining superior value.

Contribution: The conceptual framework and empirical results significantly contribute to our understanding of how suppliers in business markets can use monetary as well as nonmonetary means to persuade customers to purchase higher-value, yet higher-price offerings.     

Multilateral stability and efficiency of trade agreements: A network formation approach

We study the endogenous network formation of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements by means of hypergraphs and introduce the equilibrium concept of multilateral stability. We consider multicountry settings with a firm in each country that produces a homogeneous good and competes as a Cournot oligopolist in each market. Under endogenous tariffs, we find that a multilateral trade agreement governing the rules and norms of tariff setting, that is the WTO/GATT regime itself, together with a bilateral preferential trade agreement (PTA) is multilaterally stable. We also find that the existence of the WTO is necessary for the stability of the trading system. We further analyse the impact of PTAs on multilateral tariffs within the WTO. We find that the formation of PTAs increases countries' incentives for multilateral tariff reduction.     

Integrating Web-based e-commerce applications with business application systems

The World Wide Web has become an environment for distributed applications of all kinds. The originally intended use of the Web as distributed system for knowledge-interchange seems to disappear, compared to the increasing number of electronic commerce Web applications. Organizations offer products and services in the Web, and use the Web as a means to integrate their (heterogeneous) business application systems. Offering Web-based products requires combining services of different application systems, which were built on the coarse-grained Web implementation model. Reusing the respective fine-grained services and application systems respectively integrating these cross-platform application systems increases quality and reduces costs of the new product. However, communication between (legacy) business application systems has to be ensured on an abstract level to realize this scenario. The Web as a global point of sale seems to be very promising but obviously suffers from its heritage – the coarse-grained implementation model. We introduce a generic integration layer that uses an object-oriented approach as well as the WebComposition Markup Language to facilitate the reuse of code and design, and show how inter-application communication can be provided by means of an additional basic integration layer. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A REFUTATION OF THE COMMODITY EXPLOITATION THEOREM

This note is to show that the generalized commodity exploitation theorem put forward by Bowles and Gintis and Roemer is nothing but an alternative form of the Hawkins–Simon condition for given technical data, and that it has nothing to do with exploitation. That is, the Hawkins–Simon condition means a mere possibility of an economic system to produce a surplus in each commodity, and as such does not guarantee the existence of positive profits. To consider exploitation or the existence of positive profits, we need to introduce prices at which unequal exchanges may be carried out.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAST FOODS AND CONVENIENCE FOODS–DEFINITIONS AND DEVELOPMENTS

Recent social and economic trends affecting the development of fast-food systems are examined, and the effect of these changes upon the food industry and the home consumer is analysed. A system for categorising convenience foods is formulated which includes an analysis of the relationship between methods of preparation and methods of preservation and storage. The use of this system as a means of assessing a degree of convenience on a five-point scale related to methods of preparation is discussed, and definitions which are appropriate to both the industry and the consumer are suggested.     

XBRL的需求分析及推广策略

XBRL是一种革命性的电子商务报告语言,它的推广和应用是大势所趋,但是目前也很不成熟,面临着很多障碍。发展XBRL,对充分调动各利益相关方的动力至关重要。立足于此,就必须研究各方对XBRL的需求,并且制定出相应的推广策略。     

供应商管理库存对供应链收益的影响机理研究

供应商管理库存模式作为一种供应链环境下的库存运作模式,突破了传统的条块分割的库存管理模式,以系统化、集成化的思想实施库存管理,能够提升供应链的整体竞争力。供应商管理库存模式是一种以供应链各环节企业都能实现最低成本为目的,在一个共同协议下由供应商管理库存,不断监督协议执行情况并修正协议内容,使库存管理得以持续改进的合作性策略,具有合作性、互利性、协议性、连续改进性等特点。实施供应商管理库存模式,可以降低零售商和供应链整体的库存成本,增加二者的收益水平。尽管在实施初期,可能会导致供应商库存成本的增加以及收益的减少,但从长期来看,由于供应商对库存的专业化管理以及零售商将更多资源用于商品的市场营销活动之中,可以有效扩大商品的市场销售规模,降低库存管理成本,从而最终提高供应商收益水平。     

试论技术壁垒对国际贸易的影响及对策

中国加入世界贸易组织后,可以在WTO框架内参与国际分工,充分利用中国的比较优势参与国际竞争,利用WTO规则,开展国际贸易,这将极大促进中国对外贸易的发展。 但随着经济全球化和贸易自由化的发展,各国限制贸易的手段也发生了极大的变化,从以关税壁垒为主要手段发展为以非关税壁垒为主要手段,在非关税壁垒中,进口配额、 “自动”出口配额、进口许可证、外汇管制等传统手段已被以技术法规、技术标准、合格评定程序为主要内容的技术壁垒逐渐取代,技术壁垒正成为国际贸易壁垒的主体。     

中国积极财政政策与货币政策效力的比较——对蒙代尔—弗莱明模型的一个修正运用

运用一个修正的MF模型 ,对我国积极财政政策和货币政策的效力进行比较 ,得出在我国现行汇率制度安排下 ,积极财政政策的效果要优于货币政策。当前我国的经济政策应以财政政策为主 ,坚持积极的财政政策 ,淡化扩张性的货币政策。     

OASIS: An Integrative Toolkit for Developing Autonomous Applications in Decentralized Environments

Organization Activity Support and Information System (OASIS) is a computer-based information system that supports; the construction and deployment of business applications. It is aimed at supporting the following 4 major organizational needs: (a) using data processing, reasoning, and communication in an integrative manner; (b) allowing control over one's own applications; (c) tying together independently developed applications for organizational use; and (d) simplifying certain types of changes or evolution. OASIS accomplishes these needs by viewing organizations as consisting of autonomous units with the capability of interacting with each other and by the integrative use of blackboards and forms. This article describes the OASIS system, presents a small example of its abilities, and describes planned future research.     

The effect of consumers' involvement and innovativeness on the utilization of fashion wardrobe

This study proposed wardrobe utilization as a means of explaining consumer clothing use behaviour, and aimed to explore its relationship with other antecedent variables. We posit that use innovativeness functions as an antecedent of wardrobe utilization within a model comprised of fashion‐related variables, such as fashion innovativeness and fashion involvement. An empirical study was conducted to test this relationship with 211 adult women between the ages of 20 and 40 years. In order to calculate wardrobe utilization, the number of clothing items worn by each respondent was divided by the total number of clothes that the respective respondent owns. The findings of this study revealed a measureable effect of use innovativeness on wardrobe utilization and apparel purchase behaviour. In addition, fashion innovativeness and fashion involvement was shown to affect use innovativeness; however, the two variables did not have a significant impact on influencing wardrobe utilization. These results showed that use innovativeness plays a role of the full mediator variable in the path from fashion involvement and fashion innovativeness to wardrobe utilization. These also indicated that people who are very innovative in their use of fashion are likely to broadly utilize their respective wardrobes. Finally, the impact of purchase behaviour on wardrobe utilization was dismissed, as purchase behaviour and use behaviour were found to be clearly distinguished from one another. Clothing utilization is related to the life cycle of clothes including their purchase, usage and disposal. And in better understanding clothing utilization, the needless waste of clothing would be reduced and would encourage better management of clothes after their purchase. In the context of the product life cycle, this study of clothing use behaviour can assist in building a more sustainable environment for the textile and fashion industry.     

日本“肯定列表”制度对我国茶叶出口的影响

日本于2005年冬颁布并于2006年5月29日正式实施《肯定列表制度》。它利用不断提高的农残标准作为贸易壁垒,借以保护本国市场,给我国茶叶出口日本带来严重的打击。加强与日本的技术合作,争取签订双方互相承认的标准;解决茶农药残留,抓好质量安全管理以及开拓多元化的茶叶出口市场,是应对贸易壁垒的有效举措。     

Meta-Analysis in Marketing when Studies Contain Multiple Measurements

Most meta-analyses in marketing contain studies which themselves contain multiple measurements of the focal effect. This paper compares alternative procedures to deal with multiple measurements through the analysis of synthetic data sets in a Monte Carlo study and a re-analysis of a published marketing data set. We show that the choice of procedure to deal with multiple measurements is by no means trivial and that it has implications for the results and for the validity of the generalizations derived from meta-analyses. Procedures that use the complete set of measurements outperform procedures that represent each study by a single value. The commonly used method of treating all measurements as independent performs reasonably well but is not preferable. We show that the optimal procedure to account for multiple measurements in meta-analysis explicitly deals with the nested error structure, i.e., at the measurement level and at the study level, which has not been practiced before in marketing meta-analyses.     

International Web Development

Abstract

Throughout the world, use of the Internet is growing exponentially and bringing mankind closer together. The Internet has become a powerful force in people's lives bringing information from around the globe to the tip of one's fingertips, changing the way the world purchases products and services, and creating new means of communication and media. The possibilities created by the Internet would seem limitless. Unique to each region of the world though is the degree to which the Internet has been adopted and is being utilized. The progression of Internet development has been shown to occur in three stages: acquisition of Web literacy, Web use as an information medium, and Web use for purchasing goods and services. In each of the following geographical regions, North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Middle East, Asia and Oceania, countries can be described as existing in one of these stages. A sampling of the countries within each region analyzes how and to what degree the people of that nation utilize the Internet and who provides the services offered, what services are offered, and obstacles presented in offering those services. Furthermore, the role the Internet plays in commerce, and the extent to which the government of that country has taken in regards to its polices in either regulating and/or promoting the Internet is examined. The factors have been shown to be important in Web development. Today the United States is at the forefront of Internet use and technology; however, it will not be long before that position is challenged by Japan and other countries in Europe and Asia as the Internet becomes more pervasive across the globe.