Agricultural exports and economic growth in Pakistan: an econometric reassessment

Agriculture sector works as backbone of Pakistan economy. In this modern era, exports work as locomotive of growth train. Pakistan earned a handsome amount through exports of agricultural raw material and refined products. This research investigates that either there is unidirectional or bidirectional association between agricultural exports and economic growth in Pakistan? For empirical investigation of relationships between economic growth and agricultural exports in Pakistan this study used most reliable econometric estimation tools, augmented Dickey–Fuller unit root test, Johansen co-integration and Engle–Granger causality tests for 45 time series annul observations from 1970 to 2014. This research winds up that Pakistan’s agricultural exports have positive but insignificant association with gross domestic product growth. It is due to the primary and raw material agricultural products exports which cannot compete in international markets due to close competitions, lower quality and dearer price. Consequently, receive a trifling amount as exports earnings; contribute slightly in national economic growth.     

The economic impact of migration: productivity analysis for Spain and the UK

Over the past 20?years labour has become increasingly mobile and whilst employment and earnings effects in host countries have been extensively analysed, the implications for firm and industry performance have received far less attention. This paper explores the direct economic consequences of immigration on host nations?? productivity performance at a sectoral level in two very different European countries, Spain and the UK. Whilst the UK has traditionally seen substantial immigration, for Spain the phenomenon is much more recent. Our findings from a growth accounting analysis show that migration has made a negative contribution to labour productivity growth in Spain and a negative but negligible contribution in the UK. This difference is driven by a positive impact from migrant labour quality in the UK. This finding broadly holds across all sectors, but we note considerable variation in magnitudes. Labour productivity growth has a neutral contribution from migrant labour in construction and personal services in the UK, whilst in every case in Spain the effect is negative, most strongly in agriculture. Using an econometric approach to production function estimation we observe a positive long term effect on total factor productivity from migrant workers in the UK and a negative effect in Spain. Our findings suggest that either the UK is better at assimilating migrants or is more selective in terms of who is permitted to migrate.     

The long-run and short-run effects of exchange-rate volatility on exports: The case of Australia and New Zealand

In this paper we obtain and interpret estimates of the short- and long-run influence of exchange-rate volatility (or risk) on the volume of trade of two Pacific-Basin Countries, Australia and New Zealand, in the generalized floating exchange-rate period. For each country, a unique, theoretically consistent long-run function is estimated, as well as a short-run dynamic demand function that is formally superior to a number of previous estimates.     

Output variability and economic growth: The case of Australia

This paper looks at the relationship between output variability and economic growth in Australia using the ARCH-M model. Quarterly data for growth rates of industrial production and of GDP are used for the analyses. However, the growth of GDP does not show any ARCH effects. The variability is found to be significantly negatively related to the growth rate of industrial production. Unlike Caporale and McKiernan (1998), our empirical results do not support Black's (1987) hypothesis, which is that there is a positive relationship between output variability and economic growth. Our results support the Keynesian position. The authors thank the anonymous referee for helpful comments on an earlier draft of the paper.     

The dynamics of structural change: a model of economic development and urbanization

A system model is constructed for stimulating the development dynamics of a class of developing countries. The interrelations among socio-economic variables, feedback relations and the recursive relationship of intertemporal solutions are emphasized. For some plausible values of parameters and initial conditions, the model generates results generally consistent with the experience of many developing economies. Emerging from the dynamics are rapid urbanization accompanied by little industrial growth, increasingly unbalanced spatial distribution of population, ever-worsening distribution of income, unemployment and under-employment in both rural and urban areas, and other familiar features of the developing world unexplained by comparative-static equilibrium models.     

The economic and organizational aspects of telecentres: the Spanish case

In this paper we present the following concept: the economic and organizational characteristics and the main aspects of the development of telecentres or telework centres, in a wide-ranging context of the use of telecommunications as an instrument to aid social-economic development of deprived rural and urban areas. To be more specific, we analyse how these Telework Centres are set up in diverse information related service enterprises aimed at other businesses or individuals. These initiatives are being subsidized by different public organisms as pilot development aid projects on an international scale. We have made an empirical study on a national scale, using 27 sample centres, from which we have obtained, amongst other things, the characteristics, economic objectives and results achieved from the initiatives that are underway in Spain or that are expected to be achieved from the setting up of these centres. Finally, we present our conclusions on the subject and list the literature used.     

中日社会经济发展与物流变迁(下)——中国社会经济发展与物流变迁

新中国成立至今,社会经济取得了举世瞩目的成就,人民的生活水平发生了翻天覆地的变化.这一发展过程可以说是物资不断丰富、流通不断发展的过程.物流,其概念从无到有,从不被重视到成为重点发展产业,目前正同社会经济一起处于转型升级的重要阶段.本文结合中国社会经济发展对中国物流的变迁进行分析,并针对中国物流现状提出目前中国物流存在的问题,最后结合日本物流发展过程和中国社会经济的特点探讨中国物流的发展方向.     

Residential change and economic choice behavior

Theory of economic choice behavior is applied to construct a dynamic model of residential change at the neighborhood scale. The utility of a neighborhood depends on the investor's decisions, and two different specifications are considered. In the first, these decisions result from a strategy fixed a priori. The model can then be easily studied. The second is concerned with the simplified case of a single neighborhood and supposes that the housing price and quality are dependent on maintenance expenditures viewed as a function of the number of individuals living in the neighborhood. It is then shown how different processes of residential change can be generated by purely economic factors.     

Market size and seasonalities: The case of the UK investment trust industry

The particular characteristics of the UK mutual funds industry provide ideal ground for examining the pertinence of the ‘Small-size effect’ and the ‘tax-loss-selling’ hypothesis. The evidence indicates the presence of a modest-size premium for smaller investment trusts, but, rather surprisingly, size in general does not appear to be a determining factor of market performance. Moreover, in spite of some variation in the rates of return around the turn of the tax year, the evidence as a whole does not unambiguously support the tax-loss-selling hypothesis. However, there is ground to believe that the overall poor performance of the UK investment trust industry could be due to the tax regimen governing the industry's operations during the period 1965–80.     

服务业FDI的新变化与经济影响

近年来,全球国际投资越来越多地向服务业倾斜,全球服务业FDI（外来直接投资）在输入量、内部结构和输入输出国的分布结构上都发生了变化。非股权安排的普遍性等成为服务业FDI的主要特点。服务业FDI的发展对东道国的服务能力、出口竞争力等方面造成了不同程度的影响。     

Structural change and technological development

It is important for our understanding of sectoral and regional structural change to analyze the R & D-activities. In this paper we show that R & D should be analyzed as an endogenous, intermediate, public investment variable rather than as ordinary capital investment. The allocation of resources for R&D cannot be decentralized regionally or sectorally but should preferably be decided on as a problem of optimal taxation. It is shown that the optimal rate of taxation for R&D is determined by possibilities of substitution between ordinary capital investments and R&D, by the propensity to invest and by the productivity of the R&D- producing sector. A dynamic model with accessibility representation of knowledge is finally formulated. This interregional R&D-model also has equilibrium growth properties. The equilibrium rate of growth of all regions of this model can be raised by decreasing any interregional distance or by raising any regional propensity to invest.     

Pricing behaviour in UK manufacturing and service industries

This paper reports the findings related to pricing behaviour of 1775 manufacturing and service firms. Its objectives were to examine the nature of pricing objectives at differing stages of market evolution and for companies of differing size and to examine the association between pricing objectives and performance. Princing objectives were found to vary with stages of market evolution and firm size. Both positive and negative relationships between pricing objectives and performance were revealed.     

Differential response to change: The case of home purchase

Evidence is provided in support of the hypothesis that younger households respond more rapidly than older households to a transformation in the environment. Differential response is expected since younger households have more time to amortize any investment undertaken in response to some change in the world, and they have less need to disinvest specific human capital attuned to the old environment. The application presented is the response by young and old households to changes in the environment surrounding housing markets.     

经济环境变化与企业财务欺诈的关联分析

本文运用信号理论并建立模型分析了经济环境变化对企业财务欺诈及企业相关各方的影响,以利于利益相关者做出正确决策.     

Public-Private Partnerships: A UK case study

Partnerships between the state and organized civil society are examined in one area of policy, 'social exclusion', in one part of the United Kingdom, England. The question of the various ojective served by partnership working is explored, followed by a review of the policy context at national and local level and the changes introduced by the Labour Government elected in 1997. The work of the Social Exclusion Unit is then reviewed, critical issues identified and performance evaluated. A lack of connectedness is diagnosed and a number of explanations - and potential remedies - considered.