英、美、日、智利社会保障制度改革比较研究

福利国家中的典型代表英国、美国、日本,非福利国家的特色代表智利,都在不断进行社会保障制度的改革.改革的共同趋势表现为调整政府和市场的比例,转变政府职能,在保持政府控制权的前提下,实现社保的"市场化"或"私有化". 中国应该借鉴国际经验,以养老、医疗为重心,建立高效率、市场化的社会保障资金管理机制,推进社保事业的发展.     

Step Interventions and Market Integration: Tests in the U.S., U.K., and Australian Property Markets

Market integration implies the existence of some long-run equilibrium relationship between markets such that movements in one market are transmitted to movements in another. It is an interesting observation of much of the literature regarding a possible relationship between real estate and stock markets that there is relatively scant attention given to the possible existence of structural breaks and the impact that such breaks may have on tests for market integration. Other research has shown that failure to take into account structural breaks in various macroeconomic data series may have yielded misleading results on cointegration (in particular, unit root tests on individual series). In this article we examine the issue of whether the stock market and real estate markets are stationary or nonstationary in the presence of structural breaks. We adopt the techniques of Perron (1989), Zivot and Andrews (1992), and Perron and Vogelsang (1992). Each of these tests is based on different assumptions and therefore may yield differing results. In general, the results do not support cointegration of domestic property and equity markets or cointegration of markets internationally.     

Forward Hedging the Exchange Risks of U.S. Equity Investments in the U.K., Germany and France

This paper simulates forward hedging of foreign exchange risks for U.S. investments in U.K., German and French equities. Rolling OLS and SUR regressions are used to obtain monthly exposure coefficients (hedge ratios), and the micro-market mechanics of the exchange rate bid-ask spread are considered throughout. While the coefficient of variation favors not hedging, no statistically significant differences are found between no hedge and hedge strategies. However, hedging produces a nontrivial incidence of cases where liquidated foreign equity values are less than amounts sold forward. The results, robust to rising and falling dollar sub-periods, do not support forward hedging.     

Market Efficiency and Returns to Simple Technical Trading Rules: Further Evidence from U.S., U.K., Asian and Chinese Stock Markets

Tian, Wan and Guo (2002) explored the predictability and profitability of technical trading rules in markets with different efficiency levels; namely, the U.S. and China. In the case of the U.S. they found rules to have no predictability after 1975, whereas their results give support to technical trading rules having both predictability and profitability for the Chinese markets across the 1990's. The purpose of this paper is to extend the analysis of Tian et al. in two ways. First, to see if the conclusions extend to other markets – namely, the U.K., Hong Kong and Japan. Second, in the case of China, to examine whether the predictability and profitability of technical trading rules changed across the 1990's. On the basis of daily data Tian et al's results for the U.S. market are supported by the results for a number of the main developed markets where the technical trading rules had predictive ability during the 1970's that disappeared by the 1990's. Furthermore, the results suggest that while technical trading rules had short term predictive ability and profitability in the Chinese stock markets during the 1990's, this lessened as the decade progressed. JEL Classification: G14, G15     

Lobbying of accounting standard-setting bodies in the U.K. and the U.S.A.: A Downsian analysis

This paper examines the response of those affected by financial accounting standards to new accounting rules. The efforts of individuals and organizations to promote or obstruct such rules are described collectively as lobbying. The Downsian voting model provides the framework for the discussion of important aspects of lobbying, namely the characteristics of lobbyists, the timing of their lobbying and the methods they are likely to employ. The analysis is illustrated with examples drawn from U.K. and U.S. experience of standard-setting.     

A statistical comparison of the short-term interest rate models for Japan,U.S., and Germany

We propose a simple and practical model selection method for continuous time models. We apply the method to several continuous time short-term interest rate models using discrete time series data of Japan, U.S. and Germany. All the models can be easily estimated from discrete observations, and their performances can be evaluated in a uniform statistical framework. The models that allow dependence of volatility on the level of interest rates tend to perform well empirically. The degree of volatility dependence on the interest rate levels seems to be different across the countries. For the German data, we observe that a model with nonlinear drift performs better than the best linear drift model.     

Transfer Pricing Practices and Regulatory Actions in the U.S. and U.K.: A Cross-Country Comparison and Analysis

With the continued globalization of world markets, transfer pricing has become one of the dominant sources of controversy in international taxation. Cross-country differences in transfer pricing practices and regulations present challenges to taxing authorities and multinational enterprises (MEs). In the last two decades, tax authorities in the United States (U.S.) and other countries have brought major court cases against MEs accused of underpayment of taxes through transfer pricing practices. This paper discusses transfer pricing practices, regulatory agencies, penalties related to violations, and proper documentation required in the U.S. and one of its major trading partners, the United Kingdom (U.K.). The paper also examines the acceptable valuation methods allowed as a surrogate for arm's-length transactions as established by the country's regulatory agency. Finally, the paper discusses the similarities and differences between the major court cases related to transfer pricing in the two countries.     

The mispricing of U.S. Treasury bonds: a case study

This article documents an apparent pricing anomaly involving9? percent, 30-year Treasury bonds during the months of Mayand June 1986. During this period, the price of the 9?s rosesharply relative to the prices of other long-term Treasury bondsand created a potential arbitrage opportunity. In addition,owners of the 9? bonds were able to borrow at a zero interestrate by pledging their bonds. Detailed examination reveals thatthis relative pricing anomaly cannot be attributed to changesin the level or term structure of interest rates or to differencesbetween the bonds with respect to liquidity, taxation, or duration.     

美英两国的政府绩效考评

绩效考评实践美国法律依据。美国政府绩效考评的法律依据是1993年美国第103届国会颁布的《政府绩效与结果法案》,该法案要求每个联邦机构必须报告为期5年的战略规划和每年的绩效情况。自20世纪90年代,美国国会相继通过一揽子设计联邦政府绩效管理的法案,主要涉及联邦政府三个关键领域:财务管理、信息技术与财政控制。在财务管理方面的立法,主要有《首席财务官法案》、《政府管理改革法案》     

反倾销锐：美国、欧盟与中国的比较

我国的反倾销立法刚刚起步，很多方面的规定都不够细致、全面，借鉴欧美国家的反倾销做法，增强我国倾销法的可操作性，尤其是细化正常价格、出口价格和倾销幅度的认定，在我国目前非常主要。     

Towards a critical understanding of accounting: The case of cost accounting in the U.K., 1914–1925

Management accounting is commonly understood to be a set of techniques for collecting and processing useful facts about organisational life. The information obtained is viewed as an objective form of knowledge untaited by social values and ideology; the practitioners as technically skilled professionals whose political and social allegiances have no bearing on their practices. In this paper these views are brought into question through the “genealogical” method of looking in detail at one period in the history of accounting, examining the interplay between knowledge, techniques, institutions and occupational claims. In the period and place chosen — Britain during the First World War and the immediately following years, society was in a state of turmoil and this provides an ideal context for considering one part of the genealogy of management accounting.     

Seasonality in Stock Price Mean Reversion: Evidence from the U.S. and the U.K.

The evidence of slowly mean-reverting components in stock prices has been controversial. The hypothesis of stock price mean-reversion is tested using a regression model that yields the highest asymptotic power among a class of regression tests. Although the evidence that the equally weighted index of stocks exhibits mean-reversion is significant in the period 1926–1988, this phenomenon is entirely concentrated in January. In the post-war period both the equally weighted and the value-weighted indices exhibit seasonal mean-reversion in January. A similar phenomenon is also observed for the equally weighted index of stocks traded on the London Stock Exchange.     

Made in U.S.A.: a renaissance in quality

In the opinion of some journalists and business leaders, Japan's preeminence in product quality is a direct consequence of lectures delivered 40 years ago in Tokyo by two Americans--W. Edwards Deming and Joseph M. Juran. According to Dr. Juran, this view is pure chauvinist nonsense. Despite the shoddiness of Japanese consumer goods before the war, the Japanese did have a quality tradition in the superb workmanship of certain ancient crafts and in the design and manufacture of their military hardware, which, at the outset of the war, was highly competitive with our own. It was just that the Japanese had never devoted engineering expertise, capital, or management attention to the quality of exportable consumer goods. The shock of losing the war changed that mind-set. When Dr. Juran first lectured in Japan in 1954, his audience consisted of 140 CEOs. He had given the very same lectures dozens of times in the United States, but never to top management. American CEOs concentrated their attention on financial reports. Quality was a discipline that they delegated to engineers and special quality departments. In Japan, senior executives took personal charge of managing for quality; trained their managers, engineers, and employees in quality methods; developed quality measurements; pursued quality change at a revolutionary pace; and kept at it year after year until, by the mid-1970s, Japan had passed the United States in quality manufacturing. The unsung heroes of the Japanese quality revolution were Japanese managers, not American experts. Now Dr. Juran sees the beginnings of a quality revolution in the United States as global competition drives managers to focus on their nondelegable responsibilities in quality management.     

The Evolution of Standard Costing in the U.K. and U.S.: From Decision Making to Control

Decision making and control are two fundamental components of industrial management that are aided by accounting information. This article traces the evolution of standard costing in the U.K. and U.S. and describes how it has served these two purposes over time. At the start of the industrial revolution, standard costing, in the form of past actual costs, aided managers in make-or-buy, pricing, outsourcing and other routine and special decisions. In the late nineteenth century, as the mass production of homogeneous products became more common, predetermined, norm-based standard costs were promoted as the means to control operations and reduce waste. The use of predetermined costs was recommended by both academic and professional branches well into the twentieth century. Since the mid-1980s, norm-based standards have come under fire for not providing appropriate strategic signals in an era of global competition, continuous improvement and perpetual cost reduction.
This article compares the nature of standard costing practices in the British Industrial Revolution with those that evolved in the U.S. under scientific management. The enquiry is not limited to double-entry systems and, like Miller and Napier (1993), the domain is broadened to include other forms of cost-keeping practices. We utilize primary and secondary sources to argue that the environment and rationales for standard costs have changed fundamentally over time. It is speculated that in the future standard costing will be used far less for individual accountability or operational control, but will return to its decision-making roots in the form of long-run cost targets that benchmark the success of continuous cost-reduction efforts.     

U.K. and U.S. trading of British cross-listed stocks: an intraday analysis of market integration

This article analyzes intraday patterns for U.K. and U.S. tradingof British cross-listed stocks. For each market, the intradaypatterns for these stocks closely resemble those of otherwisesimilar, non-cross listed stocks. There is a 2-hour period eachday when cross-listed stocks are traded both in New York andin London. This overlap is characterized by concentrated tradingas private information, originating in New York, gets incorporatedinto prices in both markets. Cross-border competition for orderflowtends to reduce already declining spreads in London. By contrast,New York specialists maintain     

The Amount and Timing of Goodwill Write-Offs and Revaluations: Evidence from U.S. and U.K. Firms

This paper investigates criticisms that U.S. GAAP had given firms too much discretion in determining the amount and timing of goodwill write-offs. Using 1,576 U.S. and 563 U.K. acquisitions, we find little evidence that U.S. firms managed the amount of goodwill write-off or that U.K. firms managed the amount of revaluations (write-ups of intangible assets). However, our results are consistent with U.S. firms delaying goodwill write-offs and U.K. firms timing revaluations strategically to avoid shareholder approval linked to certain financial ratios.     

英美两国中小企业税收政策比较及借鉴

给中小企业以一定的税收优惠是西方各国普遍采用的扶持中小企业的政策措施。纵观各国的历史，中小企业发展及其所在地取得的巨大成就都是与政府采取的积极政策尤其是税收政策分不开的。英国是世界上最早实现经济现代化的国家，中小企业所……     

Predicting the money multiplier: A case study for the U.S. and the Netherlands

A Box-Jenkins model has been developed to predict the U.S. money multiplier. The forecasts are approximately 30% more accurate than those produced by the regression methods which Burger and others have used in recent work. Similar models are then applied to three different money multipliers for the Netherlands, taken from Korteweg's reformulation of the Brunner-Meltzer money supply scheme for this open economy. The results suggest that if the Dutch Central Bank invested more resources in the collection of data from the banks, then predictions could be made sufficiently accurate for use in the control of the money stock.     

Globalization and Investment Opportunities: A Cointegration Study of Arab,U.S., and Emerging Stock Markets

Using a sample of Arab, U.S., and emerging stock markets from 1997 to 2002, this study is designed to determine if international diversification is still possible despite growing globalization and the consequent integration among various stock markets. Our results show that within Arab markets, Kuwait cointegrates individually with Jordan, Tunisia, and Saudi Arabia and between Tunisia and Jordan, thus offering investors possible continued diversification opportunities. On the other hand, only Jordan, Kuwait, and Morocco are cointegrated with the U.S. general market index, implying that these markets offer a probable substitute for those investing in the U.S. markets.