Configurations of innovation: predictable and maverick modes

This study reports on an investigation of modes of innovation in 43 firms in six industrial sectors: (i) pulp and paper; (ii) computer. services; (iii) pharmaceucticals; (iv) apparel; (v) metallic products; and (vi) financial brokerage services. A model incorporating context, process, strategy, organization and performance variables was built to serve as a base to identify empirical conjfigurations of models of innovation. Configurations are gestalts of variables that describe particular modes of innovative behaviour. The model includes uariables representing context, process, strategy, organization and performance. Modes of innovations were found to he highly sector-specific. In fact, most firms innovate in predictable ways, in conformity with the logic of innovation in their industrial environment. A significant minority of firms, however, adopt maverick behaviours, similar to modes of innovation that prevail in other industries. Modes of innovation thus cut across industry lines as a result of firm's combetencies, competitive situationes or managerial preferences. A taxonomy of modes of innovation cutting across industry lines is presented. The configurations which emerged from the data analysis were: science-based product innovators; (ii) entrepreneurial fast-track experimenters; (iii) global cost leaders; (iv) lethargic reliance on information technology and (v) on process adaptation.     

Pre-commercial procurement,procurement of innovative solutions and innovation partnerships in the EU: rationale and strategy

We discuss public procurement instruments for acquiring innovation, focusing on the European Pre-commercial Procurement, Procurement of Innovative Solutions and Innovation Partnerships. We analyse, in particular, how firms’ innovation incentives are affected by: (i) economies of scope and externalities between R&D and large-scale production; (ii) the degree of specificity of the innovation; (iii) the presence of Small and Medium Enterprises in the market and the level of market competition; (iv) the risk of market foreclosure and supplier lock-in. Our study contributes to the literature on incentives in demand-side innovation policy by tapping into the contractual design features and by offering relevant implications for academics and policy-makers.     

1985—2010年间中国制造业要素 配置扭曲变动的解析 ——资本结构变动与技术进步的影响分析

本文对1985—2010年间中国制造业部门的要素配置扭曲系数的变动进行了解析。要素配置扭曲系数的变动一方面是由于不同行业间投资结构失衡所引致，但是另一方面则反映了不同行业间不同类型技术进步差异对要素报酬率变动的影响效应。笔者发现：（1）近十多年来，部分重化工业的资本快速扩张引起行业间投资结构失衡，并加大了行业间的要素配置扭曲程度；（2）相对于1985—2000年间，技术进步因素在2001—2010年间对要素配置扭曲系数的变动的影响效应越来越大。本文建议政府在制定产业政策时，限制一般生产性的资本投资鼓励政策，而更多转向鼓励创新和研发投资的政策，鼓励体现有技术进步因素的资本要素与劳动要素之间的相互替代。     

Configurations of innovation: predictable and maverick modes

This study reports on an investigation of modes of innovation in 43 firms in six industrial sectors: (i) pulp and paper; (ii) computer. services; (iii) pharmaceucticals; (iv) apparel; (v) metallic products; and (vi) financial brokerage services. A model incorporating context, process, strategy, organization and performance variables was built to serve as a base to identify empirical conjfigurations of models of innovation. Configurations are gestalts of variables that describe particular modes of innovative behaviour. The model includes uariables representing context, process, strategy, organization and performance. Modes of innovations were found to he highly sector-specific. In fact, most firms innovate in predictable ways, in conformity with the logic of innovation in their industrial environment. A significant minority of firms, however, adopt maverick behaviours, similar to modes of innovation that prevail in other industries. Modes of innovation thus cut across industry lines as a result of firm's combetencies, competitive situationes or managerial preferences. A taxonomy of modes of innovation cutting across industry lines is presented. The configurations which emerged from the data analysis were: science-based product innovators; (ii) entrepreneurial fast-track experimenters; (iii) global cost leaders; (iv) lethargic reliance on information technology and (v) on process adaptation.     

Dynamic control of a monopolist’s product and process innovation with reference quality

ABSTRACT

Our main purpose is to investigate the dynamic control problem of a monopolist’s product and process innovation under reference quality. The main features of this article are: (i) a monopolist dealing with customer behaviour in the spirit of the principle of behaviour economics determines the product price, and carries out the activities of product and process innovation; (ii) the consumers’ demand depends on price, product quality and reference quality, and adopts an additive separable demand function form. Our main results show that under the cases of the monopolist optimum and the social planner optimum, (i) there exists an unique stable, which is a saddle-point steady-state equilibrium; (ii) the change rates of the monopolist’s investments in product and process innovation are increasing with the reference quality, while the monopolist’s steady-state investments in product and process innovation are decreasing with the reference quality; (iii) as the memory parameter increases with other parameters kept constant, it is very likely that the monopolist’s investment in process innovation be greater than the investment in product innovation; and (iv) the social incentive towards both investments in product and process innovation is always larger than the private incentive characterizing the profit-seeking monopolist.     

Innovative performance with interactions between technological proximity and geographic proximity: evidence from China electronics patents

A lot of researches have shown that geographic proximity and technological proximity influence firms’ innovative performance. Little work has been done to explore how technological proximity interacts with geographic proximity. Using the theories of recombinant innovation and economic geography, this study develops and tests a theory of how firms’ abilities to reap local benefits and generate innovation are influenced by technological features. Data on technological and geographic proximity of the top 100 firms in China’s electronics industry from 1985 to 2012 are used to test the hypotheses. This study shows that, for a firm with high geographic proximity or located in a dense area of R&D, a low technological proximity in the industry facilitates the process of recombinant innovation.     

科技创新能力与区域经济实力差异的实证研究

从新经济增长理论的视角将经济增长、科技创新整合为一个理论分析框架进行实证研究，结果表明：区域经济非均衡增长在很大程度上依赖于科技进步、科技知识生产、交换和运用(消费)情况。凡是科技创新能力较强的省区，大多都是经济实力较强的省区，多是东部省区；而科技创新能力较弱的省区，同时也是经济实力比较弱的省区，多属于西部省区。因此，实施西部大开发战略，其中一个重要方面就是实施西部科技创新战略，提高西部科技创新能力。     

企业规模与创新:来自中国省级水平的经验证据

本文使用我国1985—1997年省级水平的面板数据,应用动态面板模型方法对我国企业规模与创新的地区间差异问题进行了研究。本文的基本发现是,在我国,企业规模对创新有显著的促进作用,但是企业规模对创新的正向关系主要来源于非国有企业,而不是国有企业。这说明企业规模与创新的关系要以一定的企业治理结构为条件,单纯的规模化和集团化并不一定能够保证企业的创新能力。     

中国知识产权政策的演变(1985-2009)——一个量化的视角

随着我国对自主创新能力的重视程度不断提高,政府先后出台了多项知识产权政策,这对我国加强知识产权保护以及促进技术创新起到了一定的作用,但是也存在着许多问题。通过建立知识产权政策的量化标准,对1985年以来我国颁布的知识产权政策进行分析,描绘了我国知识产权政策的演变规律。     

The political reception of innovations

Why do some societies embrace innovative technologies, policies, and ideas, while others are slow to adopt, and some even resist, them? Incumbent producers are most likely to be affected by certain kinds of innovations; they also wield a disproportionate influence in the design of institutions and policies that encourage or limit their adoption. We show formally that the elite has four cardinal policy options: to appropriate the innovation for itself; to encourage its adoption; to tax, regulate, or limit the innovation; or to block it. We show that six features of an innovation determine how it is received: (i) whether it is easy to replicate; (ii) whether it complements or competes with the elite's sources of income; (iii) whether its impact is broad or narrow; (iv) whether it is location-dependent, and (v) concealable; (vi) whether it requires large fixed costs. While other works have occasionally considered one of these factors, we show where each feature comes from, and we assess them systematically and together. We provide illustrative evidence of the relevance and generality of the model to understand the fate of a variety of innovations.     

Structural heterogeneity and proximity mechanism of China’s inter-regional innovation cooperation network

ABSTRACT

Based on the cooperation patent data between 31 provinces in China from 1985 to 2017, this paper portrays the topological structure, spatial pattern and proximity mechanism of China’s inter-regional innovation cooperation network by the graph theory, spatial statistical methods and the quadratic assignment procedure model. The conclusions are as follows: (1) the topological structure of China’s inter-regional innovation cooperation forms a hierarchical network with Beijing as the core and it exhibits a typical small-world property and ‘core–periphery’ structure. (2) In terms of spatial distribution characteristics, the ‘quadruple’ with the Beijing–Tianjin region, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Sichuan as the peaks has become the backbone of the inter-regional innovation cooperation network in China. At the same time, the spatial differentiation of the three indicators of degree centrality, median centrality and intensity centrality is obvious. (3) In terms of proximity mechanism, geographical, institutional and cognitive proximity exert a significant effect on China’s inter-regional innovation cooperation network linkage. However, there are significant differences in the effects of various proximity elements on China’s regional innovation network.     

我国西部地区经济发展中本土制度创新研究

文章首先提出并论证了我国西部开发成功的关键在于有效的制度保证,指出了西部地区普遍存在的制度短缺现象,并从制度形式的合理配置、制度冲突的克服、制度的本土化政府的干预等四个方面对有效制度创新的前提和基础进行了研究和阐述,最后对有效制度创新从财产权的合理配置和有效保护、微观主体的制度创新、有关可持续发展的制度创新等几方面进行了有针对性的研究。     

人模仿到创新：来自专利增长的经验分析

将技术创新过程按照创新程度的高低，由低到高依次划分为纯粹的模仿、创新式模仿、模仿式创新和原始创新4个演化阶段：运用我国专利增长的年度数据。分别以授权专利技术中的发明、实用新型和外观设计，作为技术创新不同演化阶段的代理变量，对我国在转型时期的技术创新演进过程进行了经验分析。时间序列分析表明。近20年来我国的技术创新经历了一个持续的增长过程；从相对增长上看，创新的增长明显高于模仿的增长，这反映了我国正在由以技术模仿为主的时代向以原始创新为主的时代演进。Panel数据的回归分析显示，在模仿与创新与之间存在着明显的互动关系，一方面模仿促进创新，另一方面创新亦促进模仿，二者呈现动态的交互过程。     

知识基础调节下合作网络对绿色技术创新的影响

绿色技术创新是绿色发展的重要动力,使用1985—2017年中国绿色技术专利数据,基于创新组织微观视角,运用负二项回归分析方法探究中心度、结构洞与聚集性3类合作网络特征对绿色技术创新的直接影响,以及知识广度、知识深度与知识融合性3类知识基础特征在上述影响中的调节作用。结果表明：①中心度与结构洞对绿色技术创新具有正向影响,聚集性对其具有负向影响;②知识广度削弱了中心度与结构洞的正向影响,同时削弱了聚集性的负向影响;知识深度强化了中心度与结构洞的正向影响,削弱了聚集性的负向影响;知识融合性在合作网络特征对不同类型绿色技术专利申请数的影响中具有不同的调节机制。最后,基于合作网络特征与知识基础特征优化视角,为我国企业、高校及科研院所等创新组织进行绿色技术创新提出相关政策建议。     

新世纪中国高新区的新成就及其"二次创业"任务剖析

文章首先综述新世纪国家高新区取得的新成就、新特点及增速回落的原因;接着,指出国家高新区在“二次创业”新阶段的主要任务是大力推进自主创新,把高新区建设成为国家创新体系的核心基地之一。国家高新区要努力实现“五个转变”,自主创新是高新区发展的必然阶段;高新区“二次创业”的核心任务是建立区域持续创新体系。     

政府R&D补贴政策与企业创新决策间双向动态耦合与非线性关系*

本文以新常态下创新驱动的引擎产业——高技术产业为研究对象,通过面板向量自回归方法将政府的直接补贴、税收优惠与企业的资本、人员投入及创新收益同时纳入系统框架,研究政府R&D补贴政策与企业创新行为决策之间的双向动态耦合关系,然后基于动态面板门限回归研究企业创新收益与两类R&D补贴政策间可能存在的非线性关系,并以理论模型与经验研究相结合的方式分析直接补贴与税收优惠影响高技术企业创新的机理及作用效果。研究证实企业增加创新投入是提高创新收益的根本原因;R&D补贴对企业资本投入的“挤入作用”并不明显,但税收优惠能有效激励高技术企业在人员方面的投入;政府“低补贴、低优惠”的双低策略更有利于提高企业的创新收益。     

解构中国企业对外直接投资的创新效应*——基于速度、时间和经验的视角

本文基于2003—2016年中国A股上市公司数据，从对外直接投资的速度、时间和经验三个维度全方位刻画企业的对外投资动态决策图景，分析企业对外投资影响企业创新的内部机理。研究表明：（1）投资速度与企业创新存在倒U型关系但尚处于创新改善区间，积累投资经验和延迟投资时间分别表现出显著的激励和抑制效应。（2）与低质量非发明专利相比，高质量发明专利受到的激励和抑制效应更大，且因企业所有权、行业和投资动机的不同而呈现差异。（3）对外投资动态决策不仅影响研发强度，还促进研发效率改善，可通过收入、规模经济和生产率效应影响创新。进一步研究发现，不断积累投资经验有助于企业降低创新风险尤其是高质量创新风险。本文为企业通过“走出去”战略实现转型升级以及我国创新型国家的建设提供具有参考价值的政策建议。     

FASHION AND THE GOVERNANCE OF KNOWLEDGE IN A TRADITIONAL INDUSTRY: THE CASE OF THE FOOTWEAR SECTORAL INNOVATION SYSTEM IN THE NORTHERN REGION OF PORTUGAL

Abstract

The paper deals with the footwear industry as a sectoral innovation system. It particularly focuses on the incidental role of fashion in restructuring and innovation within the footwear production. The importance taken by fashion leads towards a more complicated reading of the recent changes of this industry, regarding its organization, innovation processes, and its mode of technological knowledge governance. More especially, within the traditional footwear industry, low levels of knowledge appropriability were combined with low cumulativeness in firms with low-innovative activity. However, as fashion was incorporated in the footwear industry, technological knowledge governance evolves towards higher cumulativeness at least at the industry level. This contribution discusses in detail the pervasiveness of fashion onto the footwear industry. It especially shows how the numerous agents involved in the fashion knowledge production and their geographical concentration allow for increasing returns when they align well with knowledge cumulativeness at the industry level. It also reveals that the renewed knowledge base of fashion exhibits a higher degree of tacitness and typically develops along an external localized knowledge base.     

Trade flows,relative prices,and effective exchange rates: a VAR on Ethiopian data

The dynamic response of trade flows to price and effective exchange rate changes is examined via VAR using quarerly data from Ethiopia for the period 1973(i)–1985(iv). The results show one-way Granger-causality running from prices and exchange rates to imports and exports without significant feedback. Imports and exports exhibit similar response patterns to unexpected changes in relative prices and exchange rates. The responses of imports and exports are larger and the adjustment takes longer when relative prices rather than exchange rates caused a change in international prices. In the long-run, changes in prices account for a larger percentage of the forecast error variances in imports and exports than exchange rate changes. It is shown that devaluation may have an initial adverse effect on the trade balance.     

ON THE APPLICATION OF EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS TO THE STUDY OF THE DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

This paper is an attempt to translate empirically some of the categorizations of human development reviewed by Alkire (2002) . It compares the estimates of human development obtained on the basis of Sen's (1985 ) capability approach, Narayan et al.'s (2000 ) dimensions of well‐being, Cummins (1996 ) domains of life satisfaction and Allardt's (1993 ) comparative Scandinavian welfare study. To obtain these estimates of human development use is made of techniques developed in efficiency analysis, an approach rarely applied to the study of consumption and standards of living (see, however, Lovell et al., 1994 ). Our database is the British Household Panel Survey. Our findings vindicate the multidimensional approach to human development but show a great empirical resemblance between the four conceptual approaches to well‐being.