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1.
Our research’s aim is to assess the effect of cultural factors on business ethical decision-making process in a Western cultural
context and in a non-Western cultural context. Specifically, this study investigates ethical perceptions, religiosity, personal
moral philosophies, corporate ethical values, gender, and ethical intentions of U.S. and Moroccan business managers. The findings
demonstrate that significant differences do exist between the two countries in idealism and relativism. Moroccan managers
tend to be more idealistic than the U.S. managers. There is a strong positive relationship between religiosity and idealism.
There were mixed findings in examining the correlates of religiosity and various components of ethical intentions. Moroccan
managers were more homogenous in their corporate ethical values than were the U.S. managers. The results demonstrate that
(in general) idealism is a good predictor of ethical intentions and behaviors. Additionally, managers from the two countries
differed in the degree of relationship between perceptions and intentions in three of the four scenarios. This study’s results
confirm other research findings that, in general, female business managers have higher ethical sensitivity in terms of their
ethical judgment than their male counterparts. Managerial implications are also discussed. 相似文献
2.
Scott J. Vitell Aysen Bakir Joseph G.P. Paolillo Encarnacion Ramos Hidalgo Jamal Al-Khatib Mohammed Y.A. Rawwas 《Business ethics (Oxford, England)》2003,12(2):151-171
A multinational study of marketing professionals was conducted in the US, England, Spain and Turkey. Respondents from these countries were compared on various ethics-related constructs such as idealism, relativism, moral intensity and corporate ethical values. Analyses of variance indicated that moral intensity had a signi ?cant impact on both ethical judgments and behavioral intentions. However, corporate ethical values, an idealistic ethical perspective and a relativistic ethical perspective only partially impacted ethical judgments and intentions. Country differences showed that the US was highest in terms of corporate ethical values while being the lowest in terms of relativism and signi?cantly lower than Spain and Turkey in terms of idealism. Turkey was the highest in terms of both idealism and relativism yet lowest in terms of corporate ethical values. Country differences in terms of moral intensity tended to be situation-speci?c. One managerial implication, for ?rms in all four countries, is that a clear set of corporate policies concerning ethics can positively in?uence the behavioral intentions of employees. It is important that employees do not misinterpret the desires of top management where ethical issues are involved. 相似文献
3.
Janet Marta Anusorn Singhapakdi Kenneth Kraft 《Journal of Small Business Management》2008,46(4):589-606
This study analyzes the marketing ethics decision‐making process of small business managers. In particular, it examines the relative influences of ethical perceptions, personal moral philosophies, and gender on ethical intentions of small business managers. The sample of this study consists of professional members of the American Marketing Association working in companies with 500 employees or fewer. The results reveal that perceived ethical problem is a positive factor of a small business manager's ethical intention. The results generally support our hypothesis that female managers tend to be more ethical in their intention than their male counterparts. However, the results indicate that neither dimension of personal moral philosophy—idealism and relativism—is a significant predictor of a manager's ethical intention. 相似文献
4.
This study analyzes the influence of a number of variables on the ethical decision making process of South African marketers. Specifically, it measures the relative influences of ethical perception, idealism, relativism, and corporate ethical values on the ethical intentions of the marketers. The target respondents were practitioner members of the South African Institute of Marketing Management. The survey results indicate that perception of an ethical problem and relativism are significant predictors of ethical intentions, as hypothesized. The other two predictor variables (idealism and corporate ethical values) were not significant. The results regarding idealism are generally consistent with those from previous studies, but corporate ethical values has usually been found to be significant, and not just in the United States. These nonsignificant findings are among the most intriguing of the study. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
5.
This two country study examines the effect of corporate ethical values and enforcement of a code of ethics on perceptions
of the role of ethics in the overall success of the firm. Additionally, the impact of organizational commitment and of individual
variables such as ethical idealism and relativism was examined. The rationale for examining the perceived importance of the
role of ethics in this manner is to determine the extent to which the organization itself can influence employee perceptions
regarding ethics and social responsibility. Results indicate that all of the variables tested, except relativism, impacted
upon one’s perceptions of the importance of ethics and social responsibility. Perceptions of the importance of ethics and
social responsibility also varied depending upon country of residence with the U.S. sample having somewhat higher perceptions
concerning the importance of ethics and social responsibility than their counterparts in Spain. Furthermore, when comparing
the two samples, the U.S. sample had significantly higher corporate ethical values, greater enforcement of ethical codes,
less organizational commitment and both lower idealism and relativism. 相似文献
6.
Paul E. BierlyIII Robert W. Kolodinsky Brian J. Charette 《Journal of Business Ethics》2009,86(1):101-112
The relationship between individuals’ creativity and their ethical ideologies appears to be complex. Applying Forsyth’s (1980,
1992) personal moral philosophy model which consists of two independent ethical ideology dimensions, idealism and relativism,
we hypothesized and found support for a positive relationship between creativity and relativism. It appears that creative
people are less likely than non-creative people to follow universal rules in their moral decision making. However, contrary
to our hypothesis and the general stereotype that creative people are less caring about others, we found a positive relationship
between creativity and idealism. These findings indicate that highly creative people are likely to be what Forsyth called
“situationists,” individuals with both an ethic of caring and a pragmatic moral decision-making style. The finding that creative
individuals tend to be situationists, and particularly that they tend to be high in idealism, appears to refute the line of
reasoning that argues for a “creative personality” characterized in part by social insensitivity. Understanding the relationship
between creativity and ethical ideologies has important implications for researchers, managers and teachers. 相似文献
7.
Anusorn Singhapakdi Somboom Salyachivin Busaya Virakul Vinich Veerayangkur 《Journal of Business Ethics》2000,27(3):271-284
This study analyzes the marketing ethics decision-making process of Thai managers. In particular, it examines the relative influences of ethical perceptions, religiosity, personal moral philosophies, and corporate ethical values on ethical intentions of managers in Thailand. Managers enrolled in executive MBA or special MBA programs from public and private universities throughout Thailand were selected as target respondents. The survey results generally indicate that both dimensions of moral philosophies, idealism and relativism, are significant predictors of a Thai manager's ethical intention, as hypothesized. The results also reveal that perceived ethical problem is a positive factor of a Thai manager's ethical intention. The results generally support our hypothesis regarding the influence of corporate ethical values, that Thai managers in organizations with higher levels of ethical values tend to have a more ethical intention than the managers in organizations with lower levels of ethical values. The survey results regarding the influences of religiosity, however, are mixed. 相似文献
8.
The purpose of the present study is to examine the attitudes of Portuguese chartered accountants with respect to questions
of ethical nature that can arise in their professional activity. Respondents were asked to respond to the Ethics Position
Questionnaire developed by Forsyth (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
39(1), 175–184, 1980), in order to determine their idealism and relativism levels. Subsequently, they answered questions about five scenarios
related to accounting practices, with the objective of measuring their ethical judgments. Based on the idealism and relativism
levels of our respondents, they were classified into one of four groups, representing different ethical ideologies (absolutism,
exceptionism, subjectivism, and situationism). The results indicated that age was the major determinant of relativism. Contrary
to previous research, older respondents revealed themselves significantly more relativistic than younger ones. Gender seems
to be the most important determinant of ethical judgments; against expectations, men evidenced significantly stricter judgments
than women in two of the five scenarios. Findings also indicated that respondents’ ethical judgments did not differ significantly
based on their ethical ideology, supporting the idea that ethical ideology is not an important determinant of ethical judgments. 相似文献
9.
Anusorn Singhapakdi Janet K. M. Marta C. P. Rao Muris Cicic 《Journal of Business Ethics》2001,32(1):55-68
This study compares Australian marketers with those in the United States along lines that are particular to the study of ethics. The test measured two different moral philosophies, idealism and relativism, and compared perceptions of ethical problems, ethical intentions, and corporate ethical values. According to Hofstede's cultural typologies, there should be little difference between American and Australian marketers, but the study did find significant differences. Australians tended to be more idealistic and more relativistic than Americans and the other results were mixed, making it difficult to generalize about the effects of moral philosophies on the components of ethical decision-making measured here. This is an important finding; as firms become increasingly more globalized, marketers will more often be involved in cross-cultural ethical dilemmas and it seems natural to assume that similar cultures will have similar ethical orientations. That assumption may well prove erroneous. 相似文献
10.
This research examines the relationship between the code of ethics adopted by businesses in a country and the ethics positions of the inhabitants of that country. Ethics Position Theory (EPT) maintains that individuals’ personal moral philosophies influence their ethical judgments, actions, and emotions. The theory, when describing individual differences in moral philosophies, stresses two dimensions: relativism (skepticism with regards to inviolate moral principles) and idealism (concern for positive outcomes). Extending previous research that identified differences in relativism and idealism between residents of different countries and world regions, we examined the relationship between relativism, idealism, and the regulatory standards governing commercial activities of firms headquartered in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Hong Kong, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Spain, the UK, and the US. The results indicated that the level of relativism of a nation's populace predicted degree of ethical codification of commerce in that nation. These findings suggest that the ethical conduct of business will be more closely regulated in countries where relativism is low (e.g., Australia, Canada) but less closely regulated in countries where the residents are more ethically relativistic (e.g., Hong Kong, Spain). 相似文献
11.
This study evaluates the relationship between ethical ideology and gambling commitment, and the moderating effect of perceived gambling value. Through a field survey of patrons of a leading Asia's gambling establishment, 382 usable responses were received. Data were analyzed using factor analysis and hierarchical multiple regression. The results show that ethical ideologies and perceived gambling value predict a significant amount of variance in gambling commitment. Specifically, idealism has a negative relationship with number of years of gambling and amount gambled. Relativism associates positively with number of years of gambling and amount gambled. Customer value negatively moderates the relationship between idealism and the two dimensions of commitment, and positively moderates the relationship between relativism and the commitment dimensions. Furthermore, idealism has a negative effect on perceived gambling value, and relativism has a positive effect on perceived gambling value. 相似文献
12.
Forsyth’s (1980) Ethics Position Questionnaire and Hunt et al.’s (1989) Corporate Ethical Value Questionnaire are used to
examine the ethical ideologies of senior managers from organizations listed in the Australian Stock Exchange. The results
indicate how corporate ethical values, religion, gender, and age are related to the idealism and relativism of senior Australian
managers. After discussing the results, limitations of the study are offered. Finally, managerial implications are provided
and recommendations for future research are given.
Mario Fernando (PhD, MBA, BCom) is a Senior Lecturer at␣the School of Management and Marketing, University of Wollongong, Australia, and a Visiting Research
Fellow of the Centre for Studies in Religion and Society, University of␣Victoria, Canada. His current teaching and research
focus is on organizational virtuousness, workplace spirituality, ethical and spiritual leadership. His most recent work is
due to be published in a book titled Spiritual Leadership in the Entrepreneurial Business: A Multifaith Study (2007, Edward
Elgar).
Shyamali C. Dharmage (PhD, MD, MSc, MBBS) is a Senior Lecturer at the Centre for MEGA (Molecular, Environmental, Genetic & Analytic) Epidemiology, School of Population
Health, University of Melbourne, Australia. Her main research focus is on the epidemiology of allergy and airway diseases.
In addition, she contributes to the methodological and analytical aspects of research projects in other areas.
Shamika Almeida (MSc, MBA) is a PhD candidate in the Work and Organisational Studies Discipline at the University of Sydney, Australia. Her research
is on social and human capital issues. 相似文献
13.
This study explores the ethical ideol-ogies and ethical beliefs of African American consumers using the Forsyth ethical position questionnaire (EPQ) and the Muncy-Vitell consumer ethics questionnaire (MVQ). The two dimensions of the EPQ (i.e., idealism and relativism) were the independent constructs and the four dimensions of the MVQ (i.e., illegal, active, passive and no harm) were the dependent variables. In addition, this paper explores the consumer ethics of African Americans across four demographic factors (i.e., age, education, gender, and marital status). A sample of 315 African American consumers was used to explore these relationships. Results confirmed that consumers who score high on the idealism scale are more likely to reject questionable consumer activities, but there was no relationship between relativism and consumers' rejection of questionable activities. Older, more educated and married consumers rejected questionable activities more than younger, less educated and single consumers. Gender did not have any significant relationship to consumers' ethical orientation. 相似文献
14.
Scott John Vitell Encarnación Ramos Ceri M. Nishihara 《Journal of Business Ethics》2010,91(4):467-483
Ethics has assumed a dominant position in the current economic debate, and this study focuses on ethics as a legitimate underpinning
to good business decision making. Using a self-response survey of marketing managers in Spain, the current theory on ethical
decision making is extended. Results support the mediating influence of the PRESOR construct (an individual’s perception of
the importance of ethics and social responsibility for the effectiveness of the organization) on relativistic and idealistic
moral thinking when one is considering the moral intensity of a situation. In addition, the study found support for the relationship
between relativism (negative), idealism (positive), corporate ethical values, and job satisfaction, thereby providing additional
support for the prior theory. Finally, a thorough review of the extant literature and suggestions for future ethics research
in the marketing field are included. 相似文献
15.
This paper examines the effects of moral philosophy and ethnocentrism on quality of life orientation in international marketing. It also provides a cross-cultural comparison of ethical values between Koreans and Americans. International quality-of-life (IQOL) orientation refers to marketers' disposition to make decisions to enhance the well-being of consumers in foreign markets while preserving the well-being of other stakeholders. It is hypothesized that marketers' moral philosophy and ethnocentrism influence the development of marketers' IQOL. Specifically, the higher the IQOL orientation of international managers, the higher their moral idealism, the higher their moral relativism, and the lower their ethnocentrism. Also, it is hypothesized that American managers are likely to score higher on moral relativism but lower on moral idealism compared to their Korean counterparts. Also, Korean managers are expected to be more ethnocentric than American managers. Data were collected from business professionals who enrolled in professional MBA courses both from the U.S. and Korea. The results provided support for the hypothesized relationships. Managerial implications of these relationships are discussed. 相似文献
16.
Rafik I. Beekun Ramda Hamdy James W. Westerman Hassan R. HassabElnaby 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,82(3):587-605
In this comparative survey of 191 Egyptian and 92 U.S. executives, we explore the relationship between national culture and
ethical decision-making within the context of business. Using Reidenbach and Robin’s (1988) multi-criteria ethics instrument,
we examine how differences on two of Hofstede’s national culture dimensions, individualism/collectivism, and power distance,
are related to the manner in which business practitioners make ethical decisions. Egypt and the U.S. provide an interesting
comparison because of the extreme differences in their economies and related business development. Our results indicate that
respondents from the U.S, individualistic and low in power distance, were likely to view the decision making outcome in ethics
scenarios as more unethical than the more collectivistic and high power distance Egyptians, when applying ethical criteria
based on justice, utilitarianism, relativism, and (contrary to our predictions) egoism. However, we also found that both Egyptians
and Americans rely on justice, utilitarianism, and relativism in predicting their intentions to behave ethically, and that
Americans substitute egoism for justice, when the behavioral intentions of peers are examined. 相似文献
17.
Patricia Casey Douglas Ronald A. Davidson Bill N. Schwartz 《Journal of Business Ethics》2001,34(2):101-121
This paper examines the relationship between organizational ethical culture in two large international CPA firms, auditors' personal values and the ethical orientation that those values dictate, and judgments in ethical dilemmas typical of those that accountants face. Using an experimental task consisting of multiple judgments designed to vary in "moral intensity" (Jones, 1991), and unique as well as tried-and-true approaches to variable measurements, this study examined the judgments of more than three hundred participants in our study. ANCOVA and path analysis results indicate that: (1) Ethical judgments in situations of high moral intensity are affected by personal values and by environmental variables, such as the professional code of conduct (direct and indirect effects) and previous ethics instruction (direct effect only). (2) Corporate ethical culture, and a relatively strong firm rules-orientation, affect auditors' idealism but not relativism, and therefore indirectly affect ethical judgments. Jones' (1991) moral intensity argument is supported: differences in the characteristics of specific judgment tasks apparently result in different decision processes. 相似文献
18.
Forsyth (J Pers Soc Psychol 39(1):175–184, 1980) argued that ethical ideology includes the two orthogonal dimensions of relativism and idealism. Relativists determine morality
by looking at the complexities of the situation rather than relying on universal moral rules, while idealists believe that
positive consequences can always be obtained without harming others. This study examined the role of ethical ideology as a
moderator between justice and constructive and deviant reactions to injustice. Students with work experience (N = 200) completed Bennett and Robinson’s (J Appl Psychol 85(3):349–360, 2000) measure of Workplace Deviance, Gill’s (Reactions to injustice: Development and validation of a measure. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, University of Western Ontario, 2005) Reactions to Injustice measure, and the Ethics Position Questionnaire (Forsyth, 1980), and provided ratings of justice in their own workplace. Hierarchical regressions revealed a significant main effect of
idealism on deviance and constructive behaviors, and three-way interactions between idealism, relativism, and some types of
justice. These findings suggest that ethical ideology plays a significant role in predicting responses to injustice. 相似文献
19.
A corporate culture strengthened by ethical values and other positive business practices likely yields more favorable employee
work responses. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the degree to which perceived corporate ethical values work
in concert with group creativity to influence both job satisfaction and turnover intention. Using a self-report questionnaire,
information was collected from 781 healthcare and administrative employees working at a multi-campus education-based healthcare
organization. Additional survey data was collected from a comparative convenience sample of 127 sales and marketing employees
working for a variety of firms operating in the south-central United States. The results indicated that group creativity and
corporate ethical values were positively related, and that both variables were associated with increased job satisfaction.
Conversely, corporate ethical values and job satisfaction were associated with decreased turnover intention. Sales managers
should create work cultures that precipitate increased ethical values and group creativity, and suggestions about how they
may institutionalize these factors are provided. 相似文献
20.
Anusorn Singhapakdi Mahesh Gopinath Janet K. Marta Larry L. Carter 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,81(4):887-904
Building on an existing framework concerning ethical intention, this research explores how Thai business people perceive the
importance of ethics in various scenarios. This study investigates the relative influences of personal characteristics and
the organizational environment underlying the Thai business people’s ethical perception. Corporate ethical values and idealism
are shown to positively influence a Thai manager’s perceptions about the importance of ethics. While their ability to perceive
the existence of an ethical problem is negatively influenced by relativism, it is positively impacted by their existing perceptions
about the importance of ethics. Results also suggest positive relationships between perceived importance of ethics and perceived
ethical problems with ethical intention. These results extend research in understanding the relationship between the antecedents
and consequences of perceived importance of ethics within an economically growing non-Western culture. 相似文献