控制权与现金流权分离对控制权转移收益的影响研究——来自我国上市公司的经验证据

以发生控制权转移的上市公司为研究样本,并且将样本细化为内部控制权转移和外部控制权转移以及总体三类样本,在对控制权收益进行重新度量的前提下,运用多元线性回归模型,在控制股权集中程度、股权制衡程度以及国有股比例、法人股比例等因素的基础上,考察了公司层面的股权结构特征——控制权和现金流权分离程度等因素对控制权转移收益的影响.结果表明,两权分离程度是影响控制权转移收益的重要因素,并且为负向,反映了控股股东对现金流权的偏好;另外,考虑资本成本补偿的控制权转让收益度量指标更能反映控股股东的实际控制权转让所得,对模型更具解释能力.     

Allocation of Prizes in Contests with Participation Constraints

We study all‐pay contests with an exogenous minimal effort constraint where a player can participate in a contest only if his effort (output) is equal to or higher than the minimal effort constraint. Contestants are privately informed about a parameter (ability) that affects their cost of effort. The designer decides about the size and number of prizes. We analyze the optimal prize allocation for the contest designer who wishes to maximize either the total effort or the highest effort. It is shown that if the minimal effort constraint is relatively high, the winner‐take‐all contest in which the contestant with the highest effort wins the entire prize sum does not maximize the expected total effort or the expected highest effort. Rather, a random contest in which the entire prize sum is equally allocated to all the participants yields a higher expected total effort as well as a higher expected highest effort.     

家族控制，股权制衡与公司价值——基于中小企业板上市公司的实证分析

基于终极产权观，以中国2007年12月31日前在申小板上市的家族控制上市公司为研究对象，分析了控制性家族企业两权分离封公司价值的影响，并在此基础上着重分析股权制衡的治理效应。研究发现，两权分离与公司价值负相关，与控制性家族无关联的其他股东的制衡作用能有效改善两权分离的侵占效应，而独立董事难以充分发挥其监督和制约作用。     

“金字塔”结构、两权分离与公司价值

企业的集团化伴随着"金字塔"式的多层控股结构的产生,"金子塔"股权结构带来了控股股东控制权与现金流权的分离,进而对公司价值产生影响。文章运用我国上市公司数据,检验了"金字塔"股权结构、两权分离对公司价值的影响状况与影响机制。研究结论对于加强上市公司监管、完善公司治理、保护中小投资者利益具有重要启示。     

混合所有制改革、国有股比例与企业价值

本文选取2014～2019年我国A股国有上市公司为研究对象,探讨了混合所有制改革与国有股比例对企业价值的影响.结果表明,实行了混合所有制改革的国有企业,其企业价值会显著提高,国有股比例与企业价值之间存在倒"U"型关系,进行混合所有制改革的国有企业的国有股比例存在阈值效应,且阈值为28.65％.因此,政府需继续鼓励非国有...     

Rent seeking and the value of time

This paper focuses on the question of how rivals’ rent-seeking expenditures and investment expenditures are affected by the temporal dimension of those cash flows as well as the timing of the cash flow of monopoly rents. The paper applies methods from statistical reliability theory to derive five propositions establishing the conditions that must be satisfied if the rivals apportion their rent seeking and investment expenditures to maximize their certainty equivalents of the monopoly rent. The propositions explicate the responses of the rivals to changes in economic parameters characterizing the rent-seeking contest such as a change in the duration of the monopoly rent cash flow or a change in the number of rivals.     

Toeholds,rejected offers,and bidder gains: Do rebuffed bidders put targets in play to profit from their toeholds?

Previous research shows that on average acquirers who buy shares in the pre-bid market gain because the average price of the acquisition is reduced. This study addresses a different question, one that relies on the withdrawal of the bidder rather than the successful completion of the acquisition. Do some firms with toeholds bid for the target to entice other bidders into the contest for the gain that they make when they sell their shares in the target to another bidder? This paper argues that holding a toehold makes hostile bidders more likely to withdraw from the contest if another bidder enters. The evidence is consistent with our hypothesis: hostile bidders that have a toehold, on average, earn significant abnormal returns of 4.98%, with a mean toehold of 13.81%. Those without a toehold, on average, earn a significantly lower 0.06% return.     

Do managers make takeover financing decisions that circumvent more effective outside blockholders?

Consistent with agency theory, we find that bidder managers make takeover financing decisions in ways that circumvent more effective monitors. Bidder managers are more likely to use cash rather than stock when targets have aggressive outside blockholders. We also find that the likelihood of a cash offer decreases when aggressive outside bidder block ownership is relatively low. However, the likelihood of a cash offer increases when aggressive outside bidder blockholding is in the intermediate range, a range of ownership where their continued influence over managerial decisions is threatened by a stock offer. Furthermore, we find that bidder management tends to use cash when its outside bidder blockholders are less aggressive. Overall, our findings indicate that managerial decisions on financing takeovers are motivated to prevent aggressive outside blockholders from gaining more control.     

制度环境、控制权私利与流通权价值——来自我国上市公司股权分置改革的证据

文章借助我国上市公司的股权分置改革事件,运用控制权私利理论,分析了经济制度对流通权价值的影响。控制性股份的价值由现金流量的要求权和控制权私利两部分构成。流通性的提高总是能够提高现金流量权的价值,但由于控制权的专有性,上市流通对控制权价值的影响条件依存于控制权私利的大小。控制权私利越大,上市流通对控制性股份的价值的影响越小,从而控股股东愿意支付的对价越低。将经济制度作为公司控制权私利的外生决定变量,实证检验的结果与上述预期相符。     

民营上市公司少数股权控制结构与公司绩效的实证研究

本文以2005年以前在我国沪、深两地上市的196家民营上市公司为样本,研究了少数股权控制结构与民营上市公司价值之间的关系。结果发现,少数股权控制结构不利于公司价值,控制权与现金流权的分离程度越大,公司价值越小;最终控制人所拥有的控制权比例越大,公司价值越低;同时还发现,现金流权比例与公司价值显著负相关,这可能与民营上市公司的最终控制人谋取“控制权私人收益”有关。     

投资现金流敏感性研究述评

大量的经验文献支持了流动性假说,认为内部现金流是影响公司投资的一个重要因素。文中基于信息不对称下的融资约束理论与自由现金流的代理成本假说,回顾了关于投资现金流敏感性存在及其根源的国内外相关研究成果,梳理了该领域的研究脉络,并对主要结论进行了总结与评论。对文献研究发现,大多数研究均证实了投资与现金流之间具有较强的敏感性,但挖掘这种敏感性的根源却尚未达成一致的结论。尤其随着股权结构的引入,考虑到管理层内部持股的激励与堑壕效应、股权集中下控股股东的监督与侵占效应,该领域的研究纷繁复杂。但基于股权结构的研究是揭示这种敏感性的根源、探索非效率投资治理机制的有效途径。     

金融危机、股权集中度与现金股利政策——基于A股上市公司的经验证据

运用我国A股上市公司2007—2010年数据,对金融危机、股权集中度与现金股利支付政策的关系进行研究,结果显示：在金融危机期间上市公司倾向于不支付现金股利或降低现金股利支付水平以应对未来收益的不确定性;相对于股权集中度较低的上市公司,股权集中度较高的上市公司在金融危机期间的现金股利偏好反而有所增强,即在金融危机期间,股权集中度较高的上市公司倾向于支付更多的现金股利以满足大股东对现金的需求。     

The Effect of Founding Family Influence on Firm Value and Corporate Governance

We examined a sample of 120 Norwegian, founding family controlled and non‐founding family controlled firms, to address two important research questions: (1) is founding family control associated with higher firm value; and (2) are there unique corporate governance conditions under which a founding family controlled firm can be more valuable? We find a positive association between founding family control and firm value for four alternative definitions of founding family control. We find that the association between founding family CEOs and firm value is stronger among younger firms, firms with smaller boards, and firms with a single class of shares. However, the impact of founding family directors on firm value is not affected by corporate governance conditions such as firm age, board independence, and number of share classes. We also find that the relation between founding family ownership and firm value is greater among older firms, firms with larger boards, and particularly when these firms have multiple classes of shares. Our results imply that founding family controlled firms are more valuable and governed differently than firms without such influence. Furthermore, our results also suggest that founding family CEOs can enhance firm performance when family influence does not create shareholder entrenchment or when their cash flow rights are more aligned with their control rights.     

Dividend reinvestment plans and Pecking Order capital structure behavior: An empirical investigation

Due to the asymmetric information effect, corporations have been reluctant to use external sources of equity capital. The adoption of dividend reinvestment plans (DRP) by large numbers of firms may indicate an alternative way to raise external equity funds. It has been shown that many factors may explain a firm’s decision concerning the source of the shares made available to DRP participants. The hypothesis to be tested is that the nature of the DRP actually selected may be predicted by financial characteristics such as cash flow generation, investment needs, historical dividend policy, firm ownership structure and firm capital structure. Using logistic regression analysis, results of joint tests of financial variables suggested by the Pecking Order Theory of capital structure indicate significant support for the hypothesis. Specifically, ownership structure, historical dividend policy and debt ratio are found to be key determinants of the type of DRP utilized.     

混合股权制衡度与真实盈余管理行为

混合所有制改革形成了非国有股与国有股相互制衡的股权结构。通过研究国有企业中非国有股权和国有股权相互制衡的程度与真实盈余管理行为的关系发现：混合股权制衡度显著抑制了国有企业的真实盈余管理行为,但当国有性质股权占比小于非国有性质股权占比时上述抑制作用减弱。另外,参与混合所有制改革的金融类、外资类股权相比民营类股权制衡度,对真实盈余管理行为发挥了更显著的治理作用。机制检验发现,混合股权制衡一方面通过提升业绩,提高对真实盈余管理动机的抑制作用,从而缓解了真实盈余管理行为;另一方面通过提升内部控制对真实盈余管理的抑制作用,降低了真实盈余管理行为。以上结论有助于深化国有企业混合所有制改革,为提升混改中的审计监管质量提供参考。     

Ultimate Controllers,Ownership and the Probability of Insolvency in Financially Distressed Firms

This paper investigates the impact of corporate ownership and control on the outcome of financial distress. It is argued that the likelihood of financial distress resulting in insolvency depends on whether firms have controllers, the type of controllers and their cash flow ownership. Using a sample of 484 UK firms, 81 of which filed for insolvency, we show that financially distressed firms with controllers are more likely to be insolvent than widely held firms, where the probability of insolvency is greater when controllers are family or financial institutions. However, the probability of insolvency reduces significantly as the controllers' cash flow ownership increases beyond 10%. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

资本结构的公司治理效应分析

资本结构体现不同资本主体的所有权和控制权安排,债权和股权是公司治理的核心。我国企业目前存在着股权集中度较高、国有股权主体虚拟化严重、负债契约缺乏刚性约束力、法律保护机制不健全等问题。只有从完善机构投资者、深入推进股权分置改革、恢复债务融资的治理功能、拓宽中小股东行权渠道四方面入手,才能提高资本结构的公司治理效应。     

Managing Underpricing? The Case of Pre‐IPO Discretionary Accruals in China

Previous studies have found that companies use income‐increasing positive discretionary accruals (DAC) prior to initial public offerings (IPOs) to inflate earnings as a signal to anticipate future income and future dividends. This study, directly explores the role of DAC in prospectus information of 691 A‐shares IPOs in China during the period 1995–2002 and its relationship with market‐adjusted returns. The results suggest that in China, pre‐IPO non‐discretionary accruals (NDAC) as well as DAC have informative value in explaining first‐day returns as well as first‐year adjusted returns. However, in yearly cross‐sectional models, I find that firms use income‐decreasing accruals (conservative accounting) in prospectus financial statements. This downward manipulation or income “understatement” creates a regulatory setting that could explain initial underpricing and abnormally high IPO returns for A‐shares. In addition, the results show that as state ownership (SO) increases, cash flow also increases, exacerbating agency costs and adverse selection problems. These findings may suggest that managers might be using more conservative accounting in Prospectus financial data to offset the agency costs related to high cash flow, and high SO, by “banking income” and possibly therefore “smoothing” the effects of possible future suboptimal earnings.     

Acquirer Characteristics and Method of Payment: Evidence from Chinese Mergers and Acquisitions

This study examines the effects of acquirer characteristics on method of payment of Chinese acquirers on the basis of a sample of 1370 mergers and acquisitions that occurred between 1998 and 2008. Using both buy and hold abnormal returns and calendar time abnormal returns approaches, we find that Chinese acquirers experience pre‐acquisition abnormal returns ranging from 14.29% to 121% over the period of 12–36 months prior to the acquisition relative to three different portfolio benchmarks. In the pre‐bid period, acquisitions financed by shares outperform acquisitions financed by cash. However, in the post‐acquisition period, we document no significant difference between cash‐financed and equity‐financed acquisitions. The study also finds that acquirer market value, Tobin's Q, state ownership and leverage have significant effects on the method of payment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

股权结构与公司绩效关系的实证研究——基于创业板上市公司的数据

公司的股权结构是公司所有权的一种结构安排,公司的股权结构会对公司的治理结构产生影响,公司的治理效率又会对公司绩效产生影响。鉴于创业板上市公司的特殊性,在对创业板上市公司股权结构的特点进行分析的基础上,从股权属性、股权集中度和股权制衡度、内部人持股比例三个方面检验了创业板上市公司的股权结构与公司绩效之间的关系,结果表明：国有股比例、内部人持股比例对公司绩效具有正面影响,但不显著;法人股比例、机构持股比例、股权集中度、股权制衡度与公司绩效正相关;流通股比例与公司绩效负相关。