农村劳动力非农就业与土地流转——基于动力视角的研究

劳动力转移理论表明,农村劳动力非农就业的动力可能是农业收入下降或非农部门工资上涨。虽然都能促进非农就业,但这两种因素对土地市场的作用机制并不相同。基于此,笔者考察了短期内农村劳动力非农就业与土地流转的关系。结果表明,劳动力非农就业与土地流转的关系因非农就业动力而异。农业收入下降推动农村劳动力非农就业,抑制农户间比较优势发挥,抑制土地流转;而非农部门工资上涨拉动农村劳动力非农就业,促进农户间比较优势发挥,促进土地流转。因此,非农就业市场与土地流转市场的关系并不等同于家庭劳动力非农就业与农户土地流转行为的关系。劳动力大量非农就业没有引发土地快速流转的原因可能是农业经营环境恶化,利润下降。     

劳动力优化配置与贫困地区劳动力剩余

农户根据家庭净收益最大化来优化配置劳动力,该优化配置决定了劳动力剩余状态;家庭净收益最大化使得兼业家庭偏好把劳动力投向非农行业,导致农业生产的中间要素和劳动投入相对不足。农业家庭根据净收益最大化来配置劳动力之后仍存在劳动力剩余。贫困地区非农工作机会少,加之农户受教育程度低,且多为少数民族,找到非农工作的机会渺茫,这就解释了我国城市"民工荒"与贫困地区劳动力剩余并存的现象,但劳动力剩余规模并不大。     

劳动力持续转移过程中的通胀陷阱及治理对策

在经济发展过程中,不断扩大的城乡收入差距使农业劳动力持续转入非农部门就业。这必然会导致农业生产不断萎缩和农产品供给相对不足,并引发农产品价格上涨。而农产品价格上涨,使农业经营收益提高,进而又导致农业劳动力转移规模减少,加剧城市劳动力短缺程度,并推动非农产业工资成本上升,致使非农产品也面临涨价压力。于是,当农业剩余劳动力耗尽后,劳动力转移规模、农产品价格和非农产品工资成本三者之间相互影响,形成恶性循环,构成通胀陷阱。摆脱通胀困境的重要策略是稳定农业生产,促进农业技术进步,以释放和转移更多农业劳动力,为经济结构转型和持续发展提供动力。     

刘易斯模型适用性考察

文章考察刘易斯经典模型的适用性,主要结论是:(1)刘易斯经典模型具有简单而又精巧的博弈结构,它大致适用于地主所有制且劳动力过剩的经济.(2)刘易斯经典模型不适用于自耕农制度且劳动力过剩的经济.在流动者与家庭脱离经济关系情形下(刘易斯曾考虑过),两部门工资大于或等于生存工资并在此基础上上升;在流动者与家庭不脱离经济关系情形下,农业部门工资上升而资本主义部门工资波动.(3)在多种农业土地制度并存情形下,经济发展不具备刘易斯经典模型的特征.由于劳动力流动次序由保留工资决定,其结果就是:在劳动力过剩阶段,资本主义部门工资先维持在生存水平上,此后逐步上升.(4)市场化改革以来,中国农业土地制度类似于自耕农制度,城乡分割的户籍制度使非农工作者与家庭很少脱离经济关系,劳动力流动特征与刘易斯经典模型结论也不一致.     

外出务工经历与农村劳动力新技术获得

农村劳动力的城乡迁移改变了农村劳动力的发展空间,而流动空间的开放会促进农村劳动力的能力发展。本文使用湖北省农户调查数据,利用计量经济模型对外出务工经历与农村劳动力的农业和非农业技能获得之间的关联进行了研究,研究发现:在外就业流动累计时间对农村劳动力农业生产新技术获得有显著的正向影响,曾经是技术人员或者私营业主的返乡劳动力相比一般工人回流后更愿意接受农业新技术;在外务工时间越长、工作越稳定,获得技能培训的机会也就越多,曾经是技术人员、管理人员以及私营业主的农村劳动力,相比一般工人获得非农技能的概率更高。     

农地流转影响因素的实证分析* ——基于CHIPS 8 000农户数据

大量的劳动力流失使得以家庭劳动力为主体的小规模农业经营体系已经难以维持。构建具有现代农业特点的新型农业经营体系需要通过土地流转来扩大农户的经营规模,实现机器对劳动的替代。然而,现实中土地流转受到各种因素的影响,流转速度仍然很缓慢。本文通过Probit模型对CHIPS2008的8 000户农户数据进行了分析,并采用IV Probit和2SLS方法来回避内生性问题。本文研究发现：第一,农户家庭中非农就业劳动力比例增大有助于提高农地流动的概率,但非农就业比对土地流转的正面作用会受到来自农业兼业化的负面影响。第二,与非农就业收入水平相比,非农就业稳定性对农地流转的影响程度更高,这揭示了城乡分隔体制下的中国小农经营与外国单纯追求利润的企业化农场经营行为方式是有差异的。第三,养老和医疗保险可以减少农民家庭的后顾之忧,降低他们对土地作为社会保障手段的依赖程度。但从具体数据分析结果来看,有无城市户口对农户土地流转的影响程度要比养老和医疗保险的因素更为显著。     

农村劳动力老龄化对农户技术选择与技术效率的影响

农村劳动力老龄化影响农业生产效率。文章利用湖南省怀化、邵阳、永州、益阳四市受访农户的微观调查数据,采用随机前沿生产函数和农业生产效率损失计量模型,对受访农户的农业生产技术选择路径与农业生产技术效率分析发现:(1)农村劳动力产出弹性为0.06%,高于农业机械投入产出弹性0.02%,农户农业生产技术效率平均值为0.76;(2)农村劳动力老龄化并非完全是负面的;(3)相对农村青壮年劳动力而言,农村老龄劳动力的农业生产技术效率优势更为显著,老龄化劳动力为维护国家粮食安全战略作出积极贡献。因此,需要考虑当前农村劳动力老龄化的基本特征,采取积极的扶持政策,提供满足农村老龄化劳动力需要的农业技术推广、农业机械生产与购买补贴和农业生产社会化服务。     

江苏省农业生产过程中碳减排潜力的理论与实证分析

基于农户非农就业的视角,从理论和实证两个方面,结合江苏省的时序数据,运用最小二乘估计、格兰杰因果关系检验等分析方法,验证了农户非农就业有助于农业生产过程中碳减排的假说。研究发现：农户人均非农收入与农业收入之差每扩大1%,将会使得农业生产中碳排放减少约2.79%;农户人均非农收入与农业收入之差和亩均化肥投入之间确实存在长期负向的协整关系;而且农户人均非农收入与农业收入之差的扩大是导致亩均化肥投入量减少的格兰杰原因。表明农户人均非农收入相对于其农业收入越高,越有利于农业生产过程中的碳减排。针对以上分析结论,提出了相应的建议。     

非农部门劳动力增长速度研究

根据影响非农部门劳动力增长速度的相关因素,运用C-D生产函数,利用1996～2004年间的非农部门有关数据,对影响非农部门劳动力增长速度的有关因素进行实证分析,结果表明影响我国非农部门劳动力增长速度的主要因素为:资本增长速度、非农部门实物工资增长速度、技术进步引起的劳动边际产出的增长速度和工业劳动边际产出对劳动力的弹性。政府应通过提高资本质量、吸引国外投资,保持物价稳定、控制工资上涨,加强创新力度,提高员工技能以促进非农部门劳动力增长。     

家庭原始禀赋对农户兼业类型转化的影响

在乡村振兴战略背景下,研究农户兼业转化的影响因素,对促进兼业农户深度分化具有重要的理论与现实意义。基于资源配置视角,通过农户问卷调查,运用多元Logist ic回归模型,实证检验家庭原始资源禀赋对农户兼业类型转化的影响。研究结果显示:(1)户主年龄对农业户转为Ⅰ兼农户、Ⅱ兼农户没有显著影响,而对农业户转为非农户有显著正向影响;户主教育年限和主要职业类别对农业户转为Ⅰ兼农户、Ⅱ兼农户以及农业户转为非农户均没有显著影响。(2)家庭劳动力数对农业户转为Ⅰ兼农户、Ⅱ兼农户没有显著影响,而对农业户转为非农户有显著负向影响;家庭非农劳动力数对农业户转为Ⅰ兼农户、Ⅱ兼农户和非农户则均有显著正向影响,它是农业户向兼业户甚至非农户转移的重要因素;照顾家人因素对农业户转为Ⅰ兼农户、Ⅱ兼农户和农业户均没有显著影响。(3)承包地面积对农业户转为Ⅰ兼农户、Ⅱ兼农户没有显著影响,而对农业户转为非农户有显著负向影响。家庭承包地面积不是影响农户兼业的显著因素,反而是农户转为非农户的显著限制因素;承包地块数和承包地距离,对农业户转为Ⅰ兼农户、Ⅱ兼农户和农业户均没有显著影响。为促进农户的深度分化,应多部门联动,出台综合配套政策措施,着重提升农民的非农就业能力和促使农户转出家庭承包地。     

Competition,strategic delegation and delay in technology adoption

This paper examines how strategic managerial delegation affects firms' timing of adoption of a new technology under different modes of product market competition. It demonstrates that strategic delegation has differential impacts on adoption dates under Cournot and Bertrand competitions. Strategic delegation with ‘own-performance’-based incentive schemes always leads to early adoption in markets with Bertrand competition compared to that under no-delegation, but not necessarily so in markets with Cournot competition. It also shows that under strategic delegation with ‘own-performance’-based incentive schemes, adoption occurs earlier (later) in markets with Cournot competition than in markets with Bertrand competition, if the degree of product differentiation is high (low). In contrast, under strategic delegation with ‘relative-performance’-based incentive schemes, adoption dates do not differ across markets with different modes of competition. It also analyses implications of firms' choice over types of managerial incentive schemes on the speed of diffusion of new technology.     

同质化竞争下集群企业旧标准锁定与新标准采纳研究

从企业标准到产业集群标准是实现技术标准推广和扩散的关键一步,集群企业间同质化竞争对集群企业的新技术标准采纳有何影响十分值得研究。在考虑旧技术标准网络外部性、新技术标准优越性、新标准许可费、集群企业兼容策略的基础上,分析了产业集群内同质化竞争对企业采纳新技术标准意愿的影响。通过数理模型和实证分析发现：在不同情景下,集群企业间的同质化竞争对新技术标准采纳存在截然相反的影响,但总体来说集群企业间的同质化竞争降低了新技术标准采纳意愿;除此之外,集群企业间竞争还作为调节变量,调节了旧技术标准网络外部性、新技术标准优越性、新技术标准许可费与新技术标准采纳意愿之间的关系。     

Determinants of agricultural water saving technology adoption: an empirical study of 10 provinces of China

In recent years, China has been faced by an increasingly severe water shortage due to the continual growth of demand on water resources. Although the Chinese government has been actively promoting the agricultural water-saving technology adoption, it is ill-informed of the adoption degree of the current agricultural watersaving technologies as well as the function of the governmental policies, Therefore, this paper＂ analyzes the aforesaid problems based on investigative data of 10 provinces in China. The results demonstrate that although there is a rapid increase of adopted agricultural water-saving technologies, the actual adoption area is rather limited. Moreover, the governmental policies and scarcity of water resources are the deierminants of agricultural water-saving technology adoption. Ultimately, the paper proposes some policy suggestions.     

On the interaction between imperfect compliance and technology adoption: taxes versus tradable emissions permits

This paper analyzes the effects of the interaction between technology adoption and incomplete enforcement on the extent of violations and the rate of abatement technology adoption. We focus on price-based and quantity-based emission regulations. First, we show that in contrast to uniform taxes, under tradable emissions permits (TEPs), the fall in permit price produced by technology adoption reduces the benefits of violating the environmental regulation at the margin and leads firms to modify their compliance behavior. Moreover, when TEPs are used, the deterrent effect of the monitoring effort is reinforced by the effect that technology adoption has on the extent of violations. Second, we show that the regulator may speed up the diffusion of new technologies by increasing the stringency of the enforcement strategy in the case of TEPs while in the case of uniform taxes, the rate of adoption does not depend on the enforcement parameters.     

Climate policy vs. agricultural productivity shocks in a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling framework: The case of a developing economy

The main objective of this paper is to compare the cost of climate policy consistent with the 2 °C global warming target (Paris Agreement target) with the cost of climate change induced agricultural productivity shocks, using a recursive dynamic CGE model for India. The social cost of carbon, in terms of loss in agriculture sector, is estimated to be about 2 percent of GDP, at zero rate of discount, under conservative forecasts of fall in agricultural productivity. In comparison, the cost of climate policy consistent with the Paris Agreement target of 2 °C is about 1 percent of GDP. Thus, there is a strong case for the adoption of ambitious climate policy in India, provided other countries also adhere to the same. Besides, revenues generated from the carbon tax and emission allowance could be a means to support the development and adoption of new energy and agricultural technologies, to increase social sector expenditure and to reduce abatement costs.     

Taxes,permits, and the diffusion of a new technology

This study looks at the effects of the choice between taxes and permits on the pattern of adoption of a new (pollution) emissions abatement technology. It uses a dynamic setting, where the regulator observes the arrival and initial use of the technology and determines the optimal ex post amount of emissions before firms start to adopt the technology.In the model here, the adoption benefits and costs depend on the number of firms that are already using the technology. Thus, each firm decides the optimal date to adopt the technology, considering its benefits and costs, as well as the advantage they will gain over their rivals, producing a sequence of adoption that is “diffused” into the industry over time.With this framework, the study shows that when the output demand is elastic, auctioned permits induce an earlier diffusion than taxes.     

Vested interests, population ageing and technology adoption

Technologies that are used differ vastly across and within countries. It is commonly observed that technologies that would improve productivity are not adopted. This paper explains the failure to adopt new technologies through costs of adoption for people of different age. We set out an overlapping generations model with majority voting that predicts a relationship between the age composition of an economy and economic growth. We also consider the effects of more intense competition on technology adoption.     

Market access and technology adoption in the presence of FDI

This paper theoretically investigates whether improved access to the domestic market speeds up new technology adoption by foreign firms. Foreign firms choose between exporting and foreign direct investment (FDI) to serve the domestic market. If two firms compete in the domestic market, multilateral liberalization of FDI or the realization of multilateral free trade may deter or delay technology adoption, while they always promote and accelerate technology adoption if only a single firm serves the domestic market. Technology adoption can be quickest and consumer welfare greatest when the fixed cost of FDI and the trade costs are neither very high nor very low. Preferential liberalization of FDI promotes the technology adoption of the targeted firm but may not benefit consumers because it discourages technology adoption of the non-targeted firm.     

The Interaction Between Technology Adoption and Trade When Firms are Heterogeneous

This paper develops a monopolistic competition model with heterogeneous firms to study the interaction between technology adoption and trade in a world of two countries facing different technology adoption costs. It shows that a reduction in the technology adoption cost in one country increases productivity, induces more firms to adopt advanced technology, and improves welfare in this country, while decreasing productivity, inducing more firms to switch back to old technology, and reducing welfare in the other country. Furthermore, although a reduction in transport costs always makes the country with the lower adoption cost better off, it can hurt the other country.     

A dynamic decision-theoretic model of technology adoption for the competitive firm

In this article, the technology adoption problem of the competitive firm is revisited. The firm is assumed to allocate a quasi fixed factor between a traditional and a new technology. In the presence of costs of adjustment and learning, the adoption problem is formulated as an optimal control problem.