Fifty Years of U.K. Competition Policy

The first statute of modern times in Britaindealing with competition policy was passed 50years ago. Since then the policy has beenextended and changed in a number of ways butusually in a piecemeal fashion. The 50thanniversary coincides with probably the greatestchange in U.K. policy, embodied in the 1998Competition Act. The paper reviews the changingscope of the policy, its effects and weaknesses.It also considers the likely future impact ofthe new Act.     

The New Competition Law in Thailand: Lessons for Institution Building

The new competition law in Thailand, which replaces the totally ineffective 1979 anti-monopoly law, aims to enhance the competitive process by improving the enforcement mechanism. Unfortunately, the Trade Competition Commission's rulings on the first two complaints about allegedly illegal conduct by two large companies with obvious market power were disappointing. Although political pressure was a significant factor affecting the decisions, this paper argues that there were also other important issues. The complex legal, business, and economic problems in both cases, the weakness of the competition law, poor institutional design, inadequate resources and lack of experience among the officials involved have all contributed to the unfortunate decisions, and will certainly affect the performance of competition law enforcement in the future.     

The sites and practices of business models

This paper examines the concept of business models. Drawing on the business model literature, we first identify technology, market offering and network architecture as the three core elements of business models. The theoretical routes of each element are then examined through the associated literatures: technology and innovation studies, industrial marketing, operations strategy, and evolutionary economics. Multiple dimensions of each element are identified and the resultant framework is used to explore developments within the recorded music market across three centuries.Through changes in the recorded music market since the 1870s, we explore how business models emerged, took on multiple sites and evolved through their practice over time. We look at how interlinking business models become spread out across the business network as different network actors play their part. The recorded music market generates important insights into how business models are created, developed and practiced. We suggest that firms, business networks and markets form embedded systems within which multiple overlapping business models can be considered as constituent parts. In this way, the business model is understood as having agency to shape action; but in turn actions (of others in the business network as well as within the firms themselves) also shape the business model.     

日本能源政策演变的经验

分析了日本不同发展时期的能源政策调整动因以及能源政策对能源结构的影响;介绍了日本能源政策调整的最新动态。日本政府注重制定着眼未来、目标明确的能源总体战略,大力推进节能措施,建立全方位的能源国际合作、加强政府与民间合作及培育强大的能源公司等经验值得我国借鉴。     

Commitment to Competition: An Assessment of Antitrust Agency Budgets since 1970

In these remarks to the Industrial Organization Society, I discuss the adequacy of antitrust enforcement resources in the U.S. Relevant resources are measured by the competition budgets of the Justice Department and the Federal Trade Commission. Since 1970 these have been influenced by the overall economy, its changing structure, and politics, but they have not kept up with the pace of mergers or other measures of the need for antitrust. Thus at present, the resources devoted to antitrust fall well short of what is required for continued vigilance over our growing and changing economy.     

技术竞争中商业模式的作用

在知识经济时代,技术革新日新月异,企业之间的技术竞争也愈演愈烈,渐渐演变为标准竞争。然而,技术的经济价值只是潜在的,只有通过合适的商业模式才能将其充分释放出来,从而为企业带来巨大的经济效益,乃至实现持久的竞争优势。以企业技术竞争中所采取的商业模式为研究对象,利用切萨布鲁夫提出的商业模式六维度分析框架,运用多重案例研究的方法探讨商业模式在企业技术竞争中的重要作用。通过对案例分析结果的归纳和总结,为商业模式理论提供了新的观点,也能够为标准竞争中的企业提供有益的启发。     

Competition Policy under Laissez-Faireism: Market Power and its Treatment in Hong Kong

The paper describes the current competition policy framework in Hong Kong: how it came into existence, what business practices are prohibited, and how the enforcement system works. Recent cases in the telecommunications industry are used to illustrate the sectoral approach, a unique feature of Hong Kong's competition policy. We argue that a sectoral approach faces two fundamental drawbacks. First, due to having different ``rules of the game' for different sectors, the allocation of resources may be distorted in the long run. Second, since the relevant regulatory agencies perform dual roles both as competition policy enforcer and as traditional regulator of natural monopolies, the impartiality of their competition decisions may not be credibly conveyed to the public. We also address other specific problems associated with the sectoral approach, such as the exclusion of structural issues, narrow coverage of sectors, and the lack of public enforcement. We conclude that an overall competition law can better promote competition and economic efficiency in Hong Kong.     

Competition in business networks

Most of those who write about marketing or strategy appear to view competition as the overarching logic of business. Commentators have usually associated competition with improved economic efficiency and customer well-being: they have regarded it as “a good thing”, at least in the abstract or when it only affects others. In contrast to the widespread interest of other researchers and the preoccupations of managers with competition, researchers within the IMP tradition have devoted hardly any attention to the issue in over thirty years of research and the term occurs only infrequently in the IMP literature.     

当前宏观经济形势及政策取向分析

本文以总供给和总需求关系为理论框架 ,分析了 2 0 0 3年以来我国经济运行的趋势与特点 ,认为投资过度扩张和工业增长过快导致GDP增长速度偏高 ,消费价格涨势逐渐明显 ,经济增长质量出现下降。因此 ,2 0 0 4年的宏观经济政策 ,应当由对付通货紧缩转向防止通货膨胀 ,通过控制投资和工业过度扩张 ,适度调控经济增长速度 ,促进经济结构的协调 ,并加快经济增长方式的转变。     

国外促进经济区域发展的财政政策与启示

在对国外经济区域和我国主体功能区比较的基础上,有针对性地介绍了国外促进经济区域发展的公共财政政策做法和实践,并从中得出了对我国建设主体功能区的启示。     

The Treatment of Market Power in Korea

Competitive forces have been relatively weak in Korea. Control of the chaebols' diversified expansion and conglomerate power has been a primary object of government policies. Competition law and policy has been expanded to include direct controls on chaebols, but it has been rather ineffective in resolving chaebol-related problems mainly because of insufficient attention having been paid to the problems of market power. Attempts to rein in chaebols by direct controls, without enhancing competitive forces, will be in vain, insofar as chaebol problems are really symptoms of their entrenched market potions in a non-competitive environment.     

省、市、自治区生物医药产业竞合关系研判--基于产值份额演变的空间面板模型研究

基于熵的多样化指数显示生物医药产业集聚趋势不断加强。以产值份额为变量构建空间变系数面板模型,研究29省生物医药产业竞合关系。结果显示：空间变系数面板模型能较好检验区域产业竞合关系;相邻效应显示,10个省生物医药产业显示为对周边省份竞争效应,11个省生物医药产业显示为对周边省份合作效应,8个省生物医药产业与周边省竞合净效应不显著。整体效应显示,9个省竞争力较强,12个省竞争力弱,8个省处于中等。     

全球化背景下的电信产业标准竞争

在经济全球化已成事实的大背景下,国家间在经济上的竞争主要表现为关键产业上的竞争,而产业竞争优势在经济全球化时代则主要表现为产业标准上的竞争。这是因为,经济的全球化要求国际化大分工,国际化分工衍生出的一个主要特性就是网络经济特性,而全球网络经济特性促使产业优势的发展路径从过去的资源优势、创新优势提升到标准优势。本研究认为,在当前产业竞争优势已从创新优势发展为标准优势的条件下,影响标准竞争的网络外部性的真正来源是标准的安装预期水平,而不是传统意义上的安装基础;安装预期在产业政策的推动下可以弥补标准竞争中的创新弱势。     

金融危机下我国经济周期波动态势与经济政策取向

本文基于马尔科夫区制转移模型识别和分析我国经济周期波动特征以及经济周期阶段性变迁的可能性,并对未来3年内我国经济增长的运行趋势变化以及经济周期所处状态进行判断和预测。研究发现,在步入2008年以后我国经济一直处于低速增长阶段,并在未来3年中仍将处于这一阶段,这说明金融危机的影响具有一定的持续性,但是随着时间的推移,我国经济处于低速增长阶段的可能性逐渐减小,而处于适速增长阶段或快速增长阶段的可能性不断加大。虽然我国经济增长可能会在2009年第3季度达到经济周期的低谷,但在未来3年中总体将呈现出逐渐回暖的态势。     

美国的电力监管政策

在电力市场化改革进程中,美国的电力工业政策是引入竞争而不是放松管制,依靠竞争和监管来确保电力批发市场的公平和合理的价格。充裕的能源基础设施能够提供稳定的电力供给并且支持竞争性的电力市场。竞争与有效监管并行,能够为国家和社会公众带来最大的利益。美国联邦能源监管委员会通过利用国会赋予的更为广泛的监管手段确保电力批发市场运转良好。     

广东纺织业清洁生产法律政策研究

本文在对广东纺织业发展现状和我国清洁生产的法律体系综述的基础上,从国家和地方两个层面分析了广东省纺织业清洁生产的法规政策要求,指出纺织行业实施清洁生产具有重要意义,并总结出纺织业实施清洁生产的9大趋势。研究结果表明,实施清洁生产不但是纺织业应对当前金融危机的权宜之计,也是该行业促进科学发展的根本出路之一。     

The Increasing Competitive Balance in Major League Baseball

This paper explores the changing competitive balance in Major League Baseball through the relative-entropy measure of information theory. It is shown that while competitive balance in both leagues has been on an upward path during the 20th century, the path has had numerous detours that resulted from some on-the-field and some off-the-field changes that Major League Baseball has undergone during the past 75 years. The most important detours occurred in the wake of the Black Sox scandal of 1919, Jackie Robinson's breaking the color barrier and the concurrent spread of television and erosion of the minor leagues, franchise moves and major league expansion, and free agency.     

虚拟合作竞争:机理、系统模型及实证研究

在网络经济环境下,传统的竞争范式已不适应,一种新的竞争范式——虚拟合作竞争应运而生。本文在有关研究的基础上,对虚拟合作竞争的内涵、特征、主体、客体、市场、虚拟合作关系和虚拟竞争关系进行了较系统地探索性研究,提出了由客户、供应商、互惠者、协力者、替代者、潜在进入者、竞争者7种力量,以及它们相互间基于网络化信息系统所形成的3种虚拟合作关系,以及3种虚拟竞争关系所构成的虚拟合作竞争模型,并以利丰公司为例进行了实证。     

全球金融动荡下的中国股票市场及政策选择

中国股票市场自2007年10月以来的深度调整在全球金融动荡的背案下有加速之势、当欧美主要国家频频推出救市举措之际,要求中国政府进行救市的言论再次兴起。文章分析了中国股票市场持续下行的根源以及政府救市的困境、在全球金融市场动荡以及国内市场仍然高估的情况下,直接的救市措施并不可行,还可能产生严重的政策风险和经济风险,不利于中国股市的发展,救市不如救经济。