Credit accessibility,institutional deficiency and entrepreneurship in China

Using a brand new data, we document seriously low credit accessibility from financial institutes for small and micro enterprises (SMEs) and examine whether and how it affects entrepreneurial activity in China. We find that credit constraints significantly decrease the possibility of households becoming entrepreneurs. Based on our estimates, 10% decrease in the probability of being credit constrained would be associated with 4.3 million newly-created household businesses, or equivalently 11 million jobs. In the end, factors that determine credit accessibility are exploited and the result indicates that institutional deficiency plays a role in shaping the pattern of financing difficulties in China. Specifically, we find households in regions with more commercialized banking or those with government-sector workers are more likely to access to credit when other relevant variables are conditioned. In particular, the positive role of government-sector workers is more pronounced in regions with weaker market institutions.     

Depressed access to formal finance and the use of credit card debt in Chinese SMEs

SMEs (small and micro enterprises) in developing countries are in general financially depressed; business owners thus resort to other financial instruments (here, personal credit cards) when access to bank loans is prohibited. By investigating two different types of SMEs (namely, informal businesses and formal SMEs) in China, we find that SMEs turn to credit card debt as a substitute when they fail to obtain bank loans. Specifically, we find that households with informal businesses are more likely to use credit cards when their businesses are financially constrained. We also find that when financially constrained, formal SMEs are more likely to carry credit card debt and are also carrying more. This relationship persists after selection issues are addressed. However, credit card debt and bank loans are hardly perfect substitutes as these two instruments may function differently. Consistently, we find that even with bank loans, formal SMEs still carry substantial credit card debt. Additionally, compared to those with no fund need and thus no bank loan, formal SMEs with bank loans are carrying more credit card debt.     

后危机时代安徽省中小企业贷款情况的调查分析

文章系统分析了后危机时代安徽省中小企业的贷款状况,进而得出企业自身、银行信贷管理、银企信息不对称、外部环境四个方面存在问题是造成安徽省中小企业贷款难的主要原因。并从引导中小企业提升自身素质和信用等级,加强银行信贷管理工作,解决银企信息不对称,改善中小企业融资外部环境四个方面,探讨央行加强安徽省中小企业贷款的相关金融支持政策,以缓解中小企业贷款难问题。     

日美中小企业信用担保体系比较分析

为解决抵押资产不足的中小企业间接融资困难,建立中小企业信用体系是世界各国的普遍做法。日本与美国是世界上建立中小企业信用担保比较早的两个国家,两国的中小企业信用担保体系完备、经验成熟。尽管两国中小企业信用担保体系的框架结构和运作模式差异很大,但是它们共性的成功经验是信用担保体系建设离不开政府的大力支持,并且需要具有良好的风险控制机制。     

SMEs,borrowing constraints and banking relationships in Japan

At the dawn of the introduction of a new set of regulatory reforms in Japan’s financial services industry, reactions are mixed about the consequences for operators and users of financial services when they come into effect from the new fiscal year. One that is evident is the credit constraint experienced by firms, especially SMEs. The effect as this study finds is such that the advantage usually conferred by long-standing banking relationship and main bank ties upon firms to favored access to bank credits is no longer guaranteed. Indeed, availability, not cost of credit has become of greater concern to SMEs irrespective of industry. In the face of the prevailing credit situation, however, greater awareness has been gained by firms that continuity of relationship with their banks may pay off later. Since the present crisis is due partly to the unintended consequences of previous reforms, appropriate and timely steps should be taken to ensure that SMEs, the weaker link in the industrial chain, are not overly marginalized by any future fall-outs of the new reforms.     

创新国有商业银行信贷管理

国有商业银行近年来更加突出的信贷集中隐藏着危险,实证研究表明,国有商业银行大额信贷风险高,长期效益低,并且容易导致银行内外勾结诈骗贷款。小额信贷不仅为银行带来丰厚的利润,而且促进中小企业发展和社会和谐。国有商业银行的信贷管理,应变大额集中投放为小额分散投放,变集体审批无人负责为个人审批个人负责,并且设置适当的个人审批贷款的最大累计余额和个人借款的最大累计余额。     

Global financial crisis and China’s pawnbroking industry

In most countries, pawnbroking is an intermediate financial instrument to help private households or individuals meet their short-term and urgent consumption needs. In China, due to market imperfection and institutional discrimination against the small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) by commercial banks and other formal financial institutions, pawnbroking has been used as a supplementary financing source for SMEs and private entrepreneurs when they cannot get access to bank credits or other financial sources such as usury (underground money shops). This paper uses first-hand survey data in 2009 in Zhejiang Province, China’s pioneering region for pawn business, and secondary data for the whole country during 2004–12, to understand the special characteristics of the pawnbroking industry and explain why it has become a viable and useful financing instrument in China. It also explains the puzzle of a serious setback and widespread losses in the industry during the world financial crisis. A corporate financing model of SMEs is developed to explain the substitution relationship between formal bank credits and pawnbroking. It suggests that the stimulus plan implemented by the central government of China during the global financial crisis reduced the borrowing cost and lowered the access barrier of bank credits to SMEs, leading to a temporary setback of an otherwise rapidly growing pawnbroking business in 2008 and 2009. However, as quantitative easing is gradually phased out after the global financial crisis, pawnbroking activities recover rapidly, implying that the industry will continue to play an important role in China’s economic development given its current financial system which is still unfriendly to the SME sector.     

Credit guarantee schemes as an instrument to promote access to finance for small and medium enterprises: An analysis of Khula Enterprise Finance Ltd's individual credit guarantee scheme

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) face many constraints, such as lack of credit, which hinder them from reaching their job-creating potential. This article focuses on the constraints that increase banks' risk in lending to SMEs, and how credit guarantee schemes are used to overcome some of them. In South Africa, Khula Enterprise Finance Limited, a government initiative, operates three such guarantee schemes. This article explains the functioning of one of the schemes, namely Khula's Individual Credit Guarantee Scheme. Its performance is evaluated with reference to international best practices. Although it is generally found to operate efficiently, there are various aspects concerning the functioning of the scheme that influence negatively the willingness of banks to participate. These problems need to be addressed, as the authors are convinced that a credit guarantee scheme, with all its problems, still remains a viable way for the government to lower the normally high risk involved for banks in dealing with SMEs, and in this way to entice them to serve SMEs.     

外资银行进入对信贷资源配置的影响——以新欧盟成员国为例

本文从信贷规模、信贷结构变化两方面分析了外资银行进入新欧盟成员国后,大大提高了东道国的信贷资源供给,使得东道国信贷规模扩大;随着外资银行对东道国渗透程度的增加,其业务重点将逐渐从对优质客户资源的争夺转为向中小企业拓展信贷业务。随着信贷评估制度和技术的改善,家庭部门信贷比例也不断上升。外资银行进入对提高东道国信贷资源配置效率有着重大意义。     

Financial Structure: Theories and Stylized Facts for Six Eu Countries

The article provides a survey of one of the most important elements of financial structure, namely credit to firms and households, by means of five distinguished theoretical issues. It is complemented by a survey of relevant stylized facts for six European countries. A cross-country comparison across Europe shows that indirect credit markets with banks as the main players are far more important than direct credit markets, and that the most striking difference in financial structure among the countries considered relates to debt maturity.     

信贷配给、民间借贷与中小企业融资——基于河北省高阳县中小企业融资调查分析

中小企业融资难是全国乃至全世界的难题。本文通过对河北省高阳县小企业融资调查得出结论：中小企业融资主要来源于民间借贷,主要原因是现有商业银行对中小企业存在信贷配给,而民间借贷又具备其制度上的优势。所以解决中小企业融资应积极发展多种形式的民间金融组织,并放宽其准入,解决其资金问题,给予其适当的监管。     

中小企业信贷业务的发展瓶颈与对策研究

中小企业融资难一直是困扰国内理论实务界的共性问题,尤其是在全球经济呈现下滑走势,国际金融风暴愈演愈烈的当前,显得更为突出。研究这一问题的重要性在于,它不仅仅是中小企业自身的问题,也是国内商业银行结构调整和战略转型的突破口,更与国家长治久安、全面协调可持续发展有着密切关联。对内源融资不足的国内中小企业,银行授信仍是其对外融资的主要渠道,目前反应强烈的中小企业融资难问题主要针对的也是银行信贷业务的投放乏力。本文尝试从国内商业银行中小企业信贷业务的发展瓶颈探析着眼,研究并提出具体的解决思路、途径和对策。     

我国中小企业信用担保的法律属性研究

银行与中小企业间信息不对称导致的市场失灵需要政府干预经济,建立中小企业信用担保体系是市场化的政府经济行为,中小企业信用担保机构是弥补市场缺陷和政府缺陷的社会中间层主体。文章认为,中小企业信用担保活动具有经济法属性,中小企业信用担保制度经济法属性的确定对于进一步研究该制度的宗旨、基本原则和发展模式等问题具有重要意义。     

中小企业联保贷款融资模式违约率研究

通过联保小组成员与银行之间的博弈分析,得出影响违约率的因素,并针对这些影响因素提出相应的建议,以帮助企业继续从银行获得贷款,同时帮助银行降低信用风险和操作风险。     

当前县域小微企业融资难题思考——基于商业银行为代表正规金融机构视角

县域小微企业在我国经济社会发展过程中发挥着巨大作用,但融资难题始终是其在发展过程中难以逾越的障碍。从我国县域小微企业融资现状出发,剖析其在向以商业银行为代表的正规金融机构融资过程中出现的问题,并有针对性地提出相应解决对策,希望能够为提高县域小微企业融资能力提供有价值的参考。     

推行商业银行小额贷款 扩充中小企业融资渠道

中小型企业融资难是在企业发展过程中遇到的一个长期存在的问题,在很大程度上制约着中小型企业的发展壮大,这也需要银行推行新型的信贷业务。大力推行商业银行小额贷款,不仅可以完善商业银行自身发展,还可以进一步为中小企业拓宽融资渠道。     

Small and Medium Enterprise Financing in Transition Economies

This paper studies the financing status of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in transition economies. Factors causing financing obstacles are indentified and further analyzed to determine their influence over financing patterns. Bank regulatory practices relevant to SMEs’ access to bank loans and their influence over loan structures are identified. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by exploring the impact of specific bank regulatory practices on credit lending to SMEs in transition economies.     

用系统性思维解决我国中小企业融资难问题

由于信息不对称、高风险、缺少抵押品及管理体制落后等原因,中小企业融资难成为一个全球性的问题。我国中小企业融资难问题可以归结到企业自身缺陷和金融机构过高的运营成本上。本文分析了中小企业融资难问题的成因,为中国中小企业摆脱融资困境提供了政策建议。     

Microenterprise Lending to Female Entrepreneurs: Sacrificing Economic Growth for Poverty Alleviation?

This research compares the performance of female and male entrepreneurs in a microenterprise credit program in Guatemala. Previous research and field practice has suggested that targeting credit at female borrowers allows for greater increases in household welfare, but that male entrepreneurs may more aggressively expand enterprises when given access to credit. In this paper, we develop a model that shows that increases in value of home time during childbearing years for women may substantially account for gender differences in responses to credit access. Empirical results from Guatemalan survey data yield estimations consistent with the predictions from our model.     

Credit Constraints in Manufacturing Enterprises in Africa

We investigate the question of whether firms in Africa's manufacturingsector are credit constrained. The fact that few firms obtaincredit is not sufficient to prove constraints, since certainfirms may not have a demand for credit while others may be refusedcredit as part of profit maximising behaviour by banks. To investigatethis question, we use direct evidence on whether firms had ademand of credit and whether their demand was satisfied in theformal credit market, based on panel data on firms in the manufacturingsector from six African countries. Of those firms with a demandfor credit, only a quarter obtained a formal sector loan. Ouranalysis suggests that while banks allocate credit on the basisof expected profits, micro or small firms are much less likelyto get a loan than large firms. We also find that outstandingdebt is positively related with obtaining further lending. Therole of outstanding debt is likely to be a reflection of inefficiencyin credit markets, while the fact that size matters is consistentwith a bias as well, although we cannot totally exclude thatthey reflect transactions costs on the part of banks. We presentan analysis showing how much more profitable small firms mustbe to obtain a loan than large firms.