The expansion of intensive marine aquaculture in Turkey: The next‐to‐last commodity frontier?

Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food‐producing sectors, and its share in global seafood production is rising significantly compared with capture fisheries. This transforms seafood production practices while allowing capital to expand to new marine commodity frontiers. Building on the conceptualization of aquaculture as a new frontier for capture fisheries, the article aims to uncover how commodity frontiers expand within the intensive marine aquaculture sector and shape the transformation of seafood production by focusing on its recent growth in Turkey. It analyses this transformation based on 22 in‐depth interviews with key social actors in Turkey, as well as a review of sector and state reports and the relevant legislations of Turkey and the European Union, and argues that the three‐pronged horizontal, vertical, and taxonomic expansion already observed in industrial capture fisheries has similarly taken place in intensive marine aquaculture through the commodity widening, deepening, and marketing strategies employed by aquaculture firms.     

Blue Revolution in a Commodity Frontier: Ecologies of Aquaculture and Agrarian Change in Laguna Lake,Philippines

Aquaculture presents a radically different way of producing fish that aims to transcend the limitations of capture fisheries but that in turn creates new forms of agrarian and ecological transformations. Using the case of Laguna Lake, the paper probes how aquaculture production and corresponding agrarian transformations are inextricably tied to dynamics in capture fisheries in multiple ways. It emphasizes the fundamentally ecological nature of the relations between aquaculture and capture fisheries through a discussion of three interrelated features of agrarian change: commodity widening through the production of a commodity frontier, aquaculture producer strategies of working with materiality of biophysical nature, and the attendant consequences of these processes for agrarian configurations. By examining the appropriation of nature in commodity frontiers and situating relations between aquaculture and capture fisheries as historical‐geographical moments in commodity widening and deepening, the paper highlights the centrality of nature in agrarian change.     

Productivity Impacts of Veil Nets on UK Crangon Vessels

As with many shrimp fisheries, the North Sea brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) fishery has been characterised by by‐catch and discarding of juvenile fish species that are of value to other fleet segments. To offset this externality, the mandatory use of veil nets or separator panels was introduced in 2003 for all vessels using an aggregate beam length of more than 8 m. Sea trials prior to this date suggested that retained catch might be reduced by between 8% and 35%, depending on the area and season. These studies, however, do not consider the behavioural response by fishers to reduce this impact. In this study, the actual impact of the restrictions on the productivity of UK Crangon vessels was estimated using a production frontier approach. The ex post analysis suggests that a productivity decline of around 14% has been experienced by UK vessels adopting this gear.     

吉林省渔民对渔业技术需求的调查分析

根据调查资料,描述了渔民一般性生产需求类型分布和渔民对渔业技术需求的强度和类型,从渔业技术用户角度分析渔民学习渔业技术的途径及影响渔民对渔业技术需求的主要因素,分析认为:渔民需求最大的是市场信息、市场服务、渔业生产技术和资金等;渔民获取渔业技术的主要渠道是渔业技术人员技术指导、新闻媒体和邻里效应;在影响渔民对渔业技术需求的主要因素中,资金不足、自然条件差、收益小、投资风险大、技术推广缺位、劳动力不足、政策不到位等因素较为突出,但是不同生产状况的渔民对渔业技术需求的强度与需求类型有较大的差异,因此必须针对不同层次渔民的实际情况,解决其投资渔业生产项目、学习渔业生产技术的制约因素。     

“东海无鱼”应对措施探讨

近年来，东海近海渔业捕捞单位能耗渔获量减少，渔获物中经济鱼类的比重下降，整体营养级水平走低，并且渔获物低龄化、小型化趋势明显，这都说明渔业资源退化已经到了极其严重的地步，严重影响了渔民生计、渔区发展和社会稳定。这一问题的出现表面上看是捕捞过剩和环境污染造成的，但其深层次原因在于我国渔业管理制度不科学，需要进行反思，加强顶层设计，深入研究渔业管理制度和科学保护问题，按照堵疏结合的原则，加强管理和执法的同时，加大资源修复力度。     

中国海洋渔区“三渔”问题的突围之途

从实现海洋开发可持续发展看,化解"三渔"问题具有重要性和紧迫性。论文利用系统研究方法对"三渔"问题的子系统渔业、渔民、渔村问题的本质进行归纳分析。研究表明,渔业生产过密化、渔民粘连化、渔村过疏化是"三渔"问题的系统性特征,而化解"三渔"问题应当从建设和谐海洋社会,特别是通过现代渔业转型、渔村重生及渔民市民化转型等思路来解决。     

中国实施渔村社区管理初探

渔业资源是一种流动性的共有资源,渔业社区管理是政府和渔民群体共同承担渔业资源养护和利用的权利和责任的一种管理制度,其核心理念是对公共渔业资源的使用权应授予依赖其生存的渔民群体。本文通过阐述当前中国渔业管理中存在的问题,论证了开展渔村社区管理的必要性,并从经济、社会、文化、景观、生态、政策六个方面研究了影响中国渔村社区建设的主要因素。     

The Coal Crisis in Appalachia: Agrarian Transformation,Commodity Frontiers and the Geographies of Capital

Capital's commodity frontiers strategy has at once woven together regional differences within an expanding world‐system and remade the productive and reproductive activities of humans and the rest of nature. The development of successive commodity frontiers gave way to long waves of economic expansion that have been pivotal to accelerating accumulation and transcending capital's recurrent crises. In short, commodity frontiers are constitutive of world‐ecological moments premised on booms and crises of accumulation. In this paper, I examine the coal commodity frontier in Appalachia, to illustrate the region's history as one of succeeding frontiers in and out of the region over the long twentieth century of American capitalism. I argue that the origin of Appalachia's coal frontier was decisively made through the nineteenth‐century agricultural revolution expressed outside of the region. Appalachia's full‐fledged development was an outcome of capital's under‐reproduction strategies. The crisis of the region's frontier turned on a lack of surplus from under‐reproduction strategies, competing coal basins, economic diversification and competing energy sources. I find that the commodity frontier concept not only illuminates regional political economies and ecologies of difference, but also explains the production of nature of historical capitalism.     

对发展现代渔业的几点思考

改革开放以来,中国渔业经济进入持续发展的新阶段,渔业产量和渔业产值均位列世界前列。然而,随着渔业资源的不断枯竭,生态环境日益恶化,过去单纯的粗放型生产方式显然已经无法适应当前渔业产业发展的需要,发展可持续、健康、资源节约型的现代渔业产业势在必行。为此,本文通过分析目前我国现代渔业发展的主要问题,提出发展现代渔业的几点对策。研究表明,目前我国现代渔业发展主要存在粗放型渔业发展方式并未完全转变,渔业基础设施相对薄弱;教育科技投入不足,渔民权益难以保障;产品质量安全存在隐患,渔业产业竞争力相对较低等问题。今后,发展现代渔业的方向应从转变渔业发展方式、保障渔民合法权益、提高产品的国际竞争力入手。     

海峡两岸远洋渔业合作机制研究

随着全球渔业资源的不断衰退和新的国际海洋制度的建立,中国大陆和台湾地区的远洋渔业都受到了不同程度的影响,两岸在捕捞范围、渔获量以及渔民自身利益等方面均遭到了一定程度的冲击。近些年来两岸渔业合作领域不断扩大,合作的层次和范围也逐步提高和扩大。远洋渔业作为当前渔业发展的重点领域,两岸在面对资源衰退和国际海洋制度性约束方面面临共同的机遇和挑战。为此,两岸应该进一步探讨建立相应的合作机制来共同面对这些挑战,并积极通过政府、中间组织以及民间团体等组织之间的相互作用来实现合作。     

扎实做好2011年各项工作为“十二五”现代渔业建设开好局

本文总结了2010年我国渔业的发展情况,指出2011年我国渔业工作的中心任务是加快推进现代渔业建设,着力推进渔业发展方式转变,争取在现代渔业建设重要方面和关键环节上取得突破性进展,确保渔业经济持续稳定发展、渔民持续稳定增收、渔业生产安全和水产品质量安全水平稳步提高。要重点抓好水产健康养殖、控制捕捞强度、资源增殖养护、安全生产工作、渔政执法管理、市场开发和国际合作、渔业科技创新和推广应用,和政策和法制建设等八方面工作,为“十二五”现代渔业建设开好局。     

Classical Swine Fever Changes the Way Farmers Value Pigs in South Africa

Although there is growing demand for animal products in Africa, production is stagnating. Appropriate management of livestock diversity could help reinvigorate production, contribute to food security and improve farmers’ livelihoods, particularly in subsistence‐oriented systems. We assess differences in farmers’ preferences and economic values for pig traits across different production systems and across areas that have been affected and unaffected by classical swine fever (CSF). Not surprisingly, market‐oriented farmers derived higher values from the productive traits such as heavy slaughter weight and large litter size found in exotic pig genotypes. Subsistence‐oriented farmers, particularly in swine fever affected areas, placed high value on tolerance to disease. We found that CSF changed farmers’ preferences for adaptive traits, and less so for productive traits. Therefore, indigenous breeds become more valuable for subsistence farmers and crossbreeds for market‐oriented farmers if CSF is a risk. Our results can have implications for breeding and conservation strategies and for compensation strategies after culling, and will become increasingly relevant if, as predicted, heat waves and disease outbreaks become more frequent in pig production systems in South Africa with climate change.     

Dynamic Random Utility Modeling: A Monte Carlo Analysis

Applied studies of commercial fishing have largely ignored the intertemporal aspects of repeated site choices. For many fisheries, fishermen might choose a dynamically optimal cruise trajectory rather than myopic day-to-day strategies and a model that ignores these considerations will likely lead to biased parameter estimates and poor policy guidance. A dynamic random utility model is developed that utilizes the same information as static site-choice models but is entrenched in the principles of dynamic optimization. Using Monte Carlo analysis, we evaluate the performance of this estimator as compared to the static model for a variety of simulated fishery types.     

Modern Rice Technologies and Productivity in the Philippines: Disentangling Technology from Managerial Gaps

Using cross‐sectional farm‐level data from 3,164 rice‐farming households in the Philippines, we measure the impact of modern rice technologies on farm productivity while disentangling technology gaps (the distance between production frontiers) from managerial gaps (differences in technical efficiency). To do so, we combine a recently developed stochastic production frontier framework with impact evaluation techniques to control for biases stemming from observables and unobservables. First, we find an adequate control group using propensity score matching to mitigate the effect of biases from observable variables. Then, we test for biases that might arise from unobserved variables using a stochastic frontier framework corrected for self‐selection. Finally, we estimate meta‐frontiers to assess productivity differences between adopters and non‐adopters. The analysis shows that the adoption of certified seeds has a significant and positive impact on productivity, efficiency and net income in rice farming.     

Analysing Production Technology and Risk in Organic and Conventional Dutch Arable Farming using Panel Data

This paper compares the production technology and production risk of organic and conventional arable farms in the Netherlands. Just–Pope production functions that explicitly account for output variability are estimated using panel data of Dutch organic and conventional farms. Prior investigation of the data indicates that within variation of output is significantly higher for organic farms, indicating that organic farms face more output variation than conventional farms. The estimation results indicate that in both types of farms, unobserved farm‐specific factors like management skills and soil quality are important in explaining output variability and production risk. The results further indicate that land has the highest elasticity of production for both farm types. Labour and other variable inputs have significant production elasticities in the case of conventional farms and other variable inputs in the case of organic farms. Manure and fertilisers are risk‐increasing inputs on organic farms and risk‐reducing inputs on conventional farms. Other variable inputs and labour are risk increasing on both farm types; capital and land are risk‐reducing inputs.     

“渔民、渔业、渔村”逻辑与悖论——以龙海市浯屿村渔业调查为例

"渔民、渔业、渔村"问题,随着渔业生产力发展,渔区体制改革,捕捞渔区的渔民就业结构、渔业的产业升级、渔村的新社会主义农村建设等,发生了根本性的变化。以历史唯物主义的观点来考察新渔区的一系列生产力基础变化,厘清"渔民、渔业、渔村"逻辑关系,对于渔业现代化的政策选择是很重要的。本报告以福建省龙海市浯屿村渔业为例,进行社会学调查,分析了渔民与渔业、渔业与渔村、渔村与渔民之间的关系,讨论了渔业劳动者称谓,渔区阶层分化,新一代捕捞劳动者的断裂和捕捞业渔区的孤岛现象。研究结果认为,社会主义市场经济进程中,渔民、渔业、渔村这三者的逻辑关系已明显断裂,政府作为弥补市场经济的缺陷,要重视新渔区出现的社会微观基础变化,以政府导向,政策取舍,进一步不断探索出台适合现阶段渔区发展中渔民、渔业、渔村非必然逻辑关系的政策与措施。     

对渔民实用技术培训的探讨

开展渔民实用技术培训,是提高渔民素质,培养造就懂技术、会经营的新型渔民,增加渔民收入、实现渔民致富必由之路。本文分析了渔民实用技术培训的现状及存在的问题,提出了加强渔业技术培训的建议和对策,即渔业技术培训要与综合素质培训相结合,与渔民需要相结合,要坚持多层次、多形式。     

Price Premiums for Providing Eco‐labelled Seafood: Evidence from MSC‐certified Cod in Sweden

Eco‐labelled seafood is an important tool to promote sustainable development in fisheries. A price premium on eco‐labelled seafood signals a return on investment in sustainable fishing methods, providing an incentive for fishers to adopt such methods. This paper investigates whether Swedish fishermen gained a price premium from participating in the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)‐certified Swedish Eastern Baltic cod fishery in the period 2011–2012. Using a detailed dataset of landing tickets and log books, we apply a panel data methodology to estimate the MSC price premium. We cannot find reliable evidence that the consumer level premium for MCS cod is actually passed back to the producers in this case.     

江苏渔业科技创新与推广体系的实证分析

渔业科技人户工程和基层渔业科技推广人员培训工程是近年来江苏加快现代渔业建设、大力推进渔业科技创新与推广体系建设的两大品牌工程。文章采用问卷调查与个别访谈相结合方法,实证分析了两大工程实施的成效,并对基层渔业科技推广人员的相关诉求信息进行了认真梳理与归纳总结。最后建议,要继续高度重视基层渔业科技推广人员的知识更新,加大资金投入,创新培训机制,调整充实培训内容,切实提高渔业科技培训成效;继续大力组织实施渔业科技人户工程,加强工程绩效管理,不断提高科技成果转化率和人户贡献率;加强基层水产技术推广队伍建设,不断提高履行公益性职能的能力。