Measuring the sustainability of a community safety promotion network: working from the inside out

Mackay Whitsunday Safe Communities (MWSC) was developed using a capacity building model that consciously attempted to design sustainability into the network. Our aim was to quantify the flow of resources used by MWSC to implement and sustain its injury control activities. Resource exchange among network members was quantified and analysed using social network analysis. In 2004, MWSC accessed an estimated 6.5 full-time staff equivalents and $0.9 million. However, these resources were largely accessed externally. The linking relationships that connected MWSC to its external support network, more than half of which were maintained by six broker network facilitators, were the critical social asset used to access resources and sustain network productivity. The sustainability of this network and arguably similar safety promotion networks is vulnerable to the changing priorities of external sponsoring agents and highly dependent on its leaders who facilitated access to the resources it required to remain productive.     

Development of crash frequency models for safety promotion of urban collector streets

The merits for development and application of crash frequency prediction models for safety promotion on any road type, with a focus on urban collector streets, are presented in this article. The city of Yazd, a medium-sized city in the middle of Iran, was selected as a case study and the data required for modelling crash frequencies along five collector streets comprising 31 street sections were collected. Six models including Poisson and negative binomial models and their deviations along with a hybrid artificial neural networks (ANN) model were developed to predict crash frequency along each street section. The overfitting problem was addressed using appropriate sensitivity analysis methods which were also used to identify the input variables with significant impact on the model performance. The results indicated that the developed hybrid ANN model provided the best performance in terms of accuracy and the number of input variables. The application of hybrid ANN model to evaluate the safety impacts of four different strategies, each resembled by one of the input variables of this model, indicated that these models can successfully be used for this purpose.     

An epidemiological study of injury in mines: implications for safety promotion

This paper is intended to raise risk management as a topic for discussion among product safety professionals and discuss one particular key element of understanding risk. Risk management is an essential part of good product safety management, whether at the policy level or the implementation stage, and is relevant to all those involved in the development and use of standards, including regulators and suppliers. The risk management process involves measuring the risks at the initial stage, by looking at consequence (possible injury) and likelihood (of that injury occurring) which then gives us the ‘inherent risk.’ We then seek ways to treat the risks. A second assessment of the risks is subsequently done to establish the extent to which the treatment will address the problem (‘assessed risk’). In product safety, this means how dangerous is the product as it is and how effective will a measure be in reducing the risk. Communication is vital in this process. When standards are developed and policy adopted, the factors that are taken into consideration need to be properly documented. The rationales for decisions, i.e., what the hazard is and how it is treated by the product specification, should be recorded within the standard itself. In the absence of recorded reasons, assumptions are made and these may well be incorrect. This paper discusses this topic in some detail and provides illustrative examples.     

哈尔滨安全城市社区建设的若干对策探讨

本文简要阐述了国内外安全社区建设的发展状况,介绍了世界卫生组织安全社区的认可标准及其有关指标.提出了哈尔滨城市安全社区建设若干建议和对策以及安全社区建设标准及其考核管理办法,将安全社区建设作为"构建和谐社会,构建和谐哈尔滨"的重要组成部分,把安全社区建设作为公共安全、事故预防体系、应急救援体系和安全文化建设的基石.     

哈尔滨安全城市社区建设的若干对策探讨

本文简要阐述了国内外安全社区建设的发展状况,介绍了世界卫生组织安全社区的认可标准及其有关指标.提出了哈尔滨城市安全社区建设若干建议和对策以及安全社区建设标准及其考核管理办法,将安全社区建设作为"构建和谐社会,构建和谐哈尔滨"的重要组成部分,把安全社区建设作为公共安全、事故预防体系、应急救援体系和安全文化建设的基石.     

Preparing for promotion pays off

You shouldn't assume that your organization will make any great effort to help you get promoted. It is your responsibility to discover and to meet the expectations of those who make the decisions about promotion.     

In-store demonstrations as a promotion tool

Retailers and manufacturers jointly do their best to influence in-store customer behavior. One promotional tool often used by the industry but rarely studied by academics is in-store demonstrations. In this article we look at when and how demonstrations work the best. Two large field experiments were run and the results indicate that in-store demonstrations are powerful tools to increase sales. Furthermore, the results from the experiments show that the effectiveness of the demonstrations vary widely depending on when they and how they are executed.     

赠品促销请一路走好

精明的消费者去超市购物总喜欢买能附带赠送的商品;而赠品促销活动作为一种颇为有效的促销方式被广大超市所运用,并且为商品获得更大的销量起到了一定的促进作用.     

Sales promotion for Latin American products

After the United States Western Europe is Latin America’s biggest export market — a market full of opportunities and yet fraught with many difficulties. Sales chances here for Latin America are determined partly by the kind of products It can offer and partly by its marketing operations. It is proposed in the following to begin with an outline of the present sales situation and future prospects on the German market — by far the most important for Latin American products in Europe.     

A promotion mix budgeting model for retailing

Our two-equation model of retail promotion provides a well-balanced explanation of both retailers' perceptions of promotion tools and their budget allocation across the promotion mix. While previous studies have examined each of these two components separately, few have integrated both in the one study. Factor analysis was used to simplify the choices of promotion tools. This reduced the number of promotion tools to four, namely mass media, in-store promotion, sales promotion/direct mail and personal selling. We support earlier studies which link budget promotion mix spending (behaviour) to perceptions about the effectiveness of each medium (attitude). The range of determinants of perceptions has been extended by incorporating the roles of retail strategy, store ownership, culture and promotion intensity. We have estimated the budget promotion mix equation using a production function theoretical framework. Although this makes little difference to the strong relationship between retailers' perceptions of promotion tools and budget allocations, the theoretical framework does enable formal estimation of cross-media substitution. We find that the two short-term oriented promotion media are substitutes. Our model has been applied to apparel retailing in Australia, with considerable scope for applications to other retail categories and to other countries.     

The research group, the conference programme and academic training in safety promotion - a report of the activities at Karolinska Institutet, Sweden

The research group was established in 1967 at Lund University and moved to Karolinska Institutet in 1980. Work began with epidemiological studies of all injuries in the local community in support of various experimental local interventions. An important element was the creation of 'surveillance systems' in healthcare. The work resulted in the establishment of a WHO Collaborating Centre and an international safety-building programme called 'Safe Communities'. In parallel, training at both master's and doctoral level and the building of a conference programme were embarked upon. The research group consists of three sections. Specific efforts are being made by some countries to address their own injury problems.     

Modelling purchases as a function of advertising and promotion

This article describes the preliminary studies of the effect of advertising and promotion on purchases. The British single-source database Adlab has been the basis for this study of advertising and promotion effectiveness. The ST AS measure and logit modelling have been used to estimate the effect of advertising. The results from the two measures have been compared to determine the extent to which the two measures give occasion for the same conclusions. To indicate the accuracy of the two measures, their respective levels of significance have been studied. Two logit models have been estimated; one only includes the effect of TV exposure, while the other also includes the effect of promotions. The results from the two logit models are compared to determine which model gives the most accurate estimate of the effect of advertising. When comparing the results from the STAS measure with the parameter estimates from the second logit model, it is found that these two different measures largely lead to similar conclusions. Suggestions for further research and developments of the models are given.     

务实创新 开创贸促工作新局面

在中国已经加入世贸组织的新形势下,贸促商会的工作任务将越来越重,作用和地位也会更加突出.我们要进一步认清形势,明确职责,抓住机遇,开拓创新,充分发挥贸促商会的桥梁和纽带作用,为黑龙江省扩大对外开放,实施"走出去"的发展战略作出更大的贡献.     

Limitations of export promotion

All Latin American countries strive for diversification of the exportable industrial production and the exploitation of new and non-traditional foreign export markets. These efforts are not free from the dangers of erroneous assessment of the limits of exports resulting in grave disadvantages for other targets of economic and development policies.     

Constructing an index for brand equity: a hospital example

If two hospitals are providing identical services in all respects, except for the brand name, why are customers willing to pay more for one hospital than the other? That is, the brand name is not just a name, but a name that contains value (brand equity). Brand equity is the value that the brand name endows to the product, such that consumers are willing to pay a premium price for products with the particular brand name. Accordingly, a company needs to manage its brand carefully so that its brand equity does not depreciate. Although measuring brand equity is important, managers have no brand equity index that is psychometrically robust and parsimonious enough for practice. Indeed, index construction is quite different from conventional scale development. Moreover, researchers might still be unaware of the potential appropriateness of formative indicators for operationalizing particular constructs. Towards this end, drawing on the brand equity literature and following the index construction procedure, this study creates a brand equity index for a hospital. The results reveal a parsimonious five-indicator brand equity index that can adequately capture the full domain of brand equity. This study also illustrates the differences between index construction and scale development.     

Decomposing the sales promotion bump accounting for cross-category effects

Extant research on the decomposition of unit sales bumps due to price promotions considers these effects only within a single product category. This article introduces a framework that accommodates specific cross-category effects. Empirical results based on daily data measured at the item/SKU level show that the effects of promotions on sales in other categories are modest. Between-category complementary effects (20%) are, on average, substantially larger than between-category substitution effects (11%). Hence, a promotion of an item has an average net spin-off effect of (20 − 11 =) 9% of its own effect. The number of significant cross-category effects is low, which means that we expect that, most of the time, it is sufficient to look at within-category effects only. We also find within-category complementary effects, which implies that competitive items within the category may benefit from a promotion. We find small stockpiling effects (6%), modest cross-item effects (22%), and substantial category-expansion effects (72%). The cross-item effects are the result of cross-item substitution effects within the category (26%) and within-category complementary effects (4%). Approximately 15% (= 11% / 72%) of the category-expansion effect is due to between-category substitution effects of dependent categories.