技术溢出的主渠道:外商直接投资还是进口?——一个文献综述与评论

目前国内外学者主要是从外商直接投资和进口贸易两个方面研究技术溢出的效应。基于C-D生产函数对外商直接投资技术溢出效应的研究表明流入发达国家、发展中国家的外商直接投资技术溢出效应的结论有三种:正效应、负效应和有条件存在技术溢出效应。行业特征、区域差异、技术特质、吸收能力、市场结构和对外开放程度等因素都对外商直接投资的技术外溢效应产生影响,这是外商直接投资在不同东道国技术外溢效应产生差异的原因。进口是一国获得技术溢出效应的重要途径。基于C-H模型和LP算法,从不同的研究视角对进口贸易技术溢出效应的研究发现:进口贸易的技术溢出在一定条件下存在"门槛效应",并且这种技术溢出要与东道国的吸收能力结合才更具效果。对于外商直接投资和进口贸易的技术溢出效应是否同时存在,目前还没有一致的结论。     

移动电话制造业:外商直接投资溢出效应案例研究

外商直接投资的进入使得东道国的本土企业获取的劳动效率提高,这就是业内所称的溢出效应。研究表明,国家开放本身并不能保证外商直接投资能够在本国创造溢出效应,FDI的行业内溢出效应也不是自动产生的,东道国的政府政策以及不同的行业状况和特点都对溢出效应产生影响。我国的移动电话制造业是近十年来新兴的、发展迅猛的,同时又是一个典型的利用外资发展起来的行业,本文作者针对我国移动电话制造业进行案例研究以此进一步探讨FDI溢出效应产生的机制。此文由国家自然科学基金支持,基金批准号为:70473045。     

外商直接投资产业关联效应分析

促进产业结构升级是新时期我国利用外资的战略目标之一。诸多理论与实证研究表明,外商直接投资促进东道国产业结构升级依赖于两个关键因素的实现:产业关联效应和技术溢出效应。本文主要分析了外商直接投资产业关联效应对东道国产业结构升级的作用机理、外商直接投资产业关联效应的影响因素及我国外商直接投资产业关联效应形成中的障碍和对策。     

外商直接投资的溢出效应:国际经验的借鉴与启示

90年代以来,随着全球化进程的加速以及发展中国家的对外开放,外商直接投资的溢出效应越来越多地受到了世界各国的普遍关注。而我国在亚洲金融危机之后已经成为了全球吸引外商直接投资最多的国家,如何最大限度地激励外商直接投资在我国产生溢出效应,同时减少外商直接投资所造成的负面影响,也成为了我国政府和企业所面临的现实问题。瑞典斯德哥尔摩大学的Mag-nusBlomstrom教授是目前国际上该领域最著名的研究者之一,根据他在1996年与其同事AriKokko教授对溢出效应的描述,外商直接投资的溢出效应是指,由于国际企业的进入或参与,东道国本地企…     

外商直接投资：对服务业技术进步影响几何？

随着市场竞争的日益加剧和经济全球化发展,世界范围内的资本流动呈快速增长趋势。外商直接投资通过技术扩散影响东道国经济发展的研究是跨国公司研究中的热点问题。20世纪60年代,MacDougall在分析外商直接投资对东道国经济的影响时,第一次明确地提出了外商直接投资的溢出效应问题。认为外商直接投资对东道国技术进步的影响可以分为两类技术转让和技术溢出。     

辽宁省工业部门FDI技术溢出效应分析

外商直接投资在促进东道国经济增长以及技术进步方面扮演着重要的角色,不仅可以增加东道国的资本存量、提高投资质量以及缓解东道国的就业压力,而且通过技术溢出效应使东道国的技术水平、组织效率不断提高,从而促进东道国经济增长.近年来,辽宁省不断加大吸引外商直接投资力度,提高了辽宁省的技术水平,一定程度上对经济增长做出了贡献.通过引用以内生经济增长模型为基础的技术外溢效应模型建立计量分析模型,来探讨辽宁省吸引外商直接投资的技术外溢效应.     

国际直接投资技术溢出效应分析与中国的对策

国际直接投资技术溢出是影响东道国技术进步的重要因素。产生技术溢出效应的主要渠道是：①跨国公司与东道国企业的前后向关联；②人力资源的流动；③示范与模仿。分析了技术溢出对东道国技术进步的重要意义与影响技术溢出效应的因素，并在此基础上提出了我国强化技术溢出效应的政策建议。     

外商制造业投资对国内产业升级产生正外部性的实证分析

发展中国家扩张密集使用中间品产业部门的资本和技术主要来源于外商直接投资。由于外商直接投资存在严重的产业拉动效应溢出问题，如果外商投资企业中间品的当地采购比例过低，就会给东道国的产业升级带来负面影响。本文利用模型对外商制造业对华直接投资是否对国内产业升级产生正外部性作了实证分析。并提出了相关的政策建议。     

跨国并购的知识溢出效应分析

本文通过对跨国并购等外商直接投资(FDI)对跨国知识溢出的正向及逆向效应的分析,研究发现外商直接投资正向溢出主要通过行业内的水平溢出(示范效应、竞争效应和劳动力市场)和行业间的垂直溢出(后向溢出和前向溢出)两种途径来实现,其中垂直溢出的效应较大.与绿地投资相比,跨国并购的知识溢出对于东道国本地的创新和增长效应更大一些、更快一些,而逆向知识溢出主要是通过母国对外直接投资(OFDI)逆向的知识溢出来实现.通过对15个国家的面板数据进行回归模型分析,本文验证了OFDI逆向知识溢出效应的存在,同时发现跨国并购的逆向溢出效应没有绿地投资的逆向溢出效应显著.     

外商直接投资对我国近代经济的影响——评《外国在华直接投资与近代中国经济发展》

外商直接投资(FDI)对东道国经济发展的影响是一个在理论和现实层面都具有重要意义的研究课题。由梁华博士撰写的《外国在华直接投资与近代中国经济发展》一书深入研究了近代史中外商直接投资与中国经济发展之间的关系,特别是丰富和深化了近代外商直接投资对中资企业"挤出效应"的认识。从经济史的角度对外商直接投资对中国经济发展的影响可从以下几个方面加以扩展:一是利用计量经济模型继续深化外商直接投资对东道国影响的实证分析,以考察外商直接投资对东道国经济增长中关键变量的实际效应,揭示其政策含义。二是以历史资料为基础,通过统计分析与理论总结,就外商直接投资对东道国经济发展的影响进行讨论与研究。三是利用典型地区或行业部门的案例,详尽分析外商直接投资与东道国经济发展之间的关系。     

Foreign Direct Investment and Environmental Taxes

Abstract. This paper studies the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on environmental policy stringency in a two-country model with trade costs, where FDI could be unilateral and bilateral and both governments address local pollution through environmental taxes. We show that FDI does not give rise to ecological dumping because the host country has an incentive to shift rents away from the source country toward the host country. Environmental policy strategies and welfare effects are studied under the assumption that parameter values support FDI to be profitable.     

TARIFF JUMPING FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT DECISION IN A QUALITY‐DIFFERENTIATED MARKET

Using a product differentiation model, this paper discusses the issue of transnational firms evading tariffs and investing directly in a host country (through foreign direct investment (FDI)). Where product quality is differentiated between foreign and host country firms and assuming a firm's quality requirement is a long‐term strategy and is not affected by a foreign firm's trade decision, we obtain the following findings. First, whether or not a host country firm produces high or low quality products, raising the quality requirement for foreign products will increase the possibility of a foreign firm choosing FDI instead of exporting a product to the host country. Second, raising the quality requirement for domestic products will lower the possibility of foreign firms choosing FDI without regard to the product's quality. Finally, given a competitor in the host country, in FDI, a foreign high‐quality product‐producing firm has an advantage over a low‐quality product‐producing firm. We also find that even when firms' quality decisions are affected by a foreign firm's trade decision, most of the above results will still hold.     

Welfare effects of competition for FDI between technologically asymmetric countries with varying trade costs

Given the traditional argument that host countries' excessive competition for FDI (foreign direct investment) deteriorates the host countries' welfare, this paper examines the impact of policy competition for FDI on social welfare considering varying trade costs. Based on a model where two technologically asymmetric countries compete for FDI, we determine an equilibrium where a multinational firm relocates to a less efficient country. Moreover, we demonstrate that the policy competition for FDI between less integrated economies might improve social welfare when the multinational firm relocates to a country with a lower technology and a less competitive market. Nonetheless, we show that the traditional argument can be true when the policy competition for FDI between highly integrated economies deteriorates host countries' welfare, as supported by the empirical evidences of moderated competition for FDI within EU member countries.     

FDI Policy,Greenfield Investment and Cross‐border Mergers

This paper examines a multinational's choice between greenfield investment and cross‐border merger when it enters another country via foreign direct investment (FDI) and faces the host country's FDI policy. Greenfield investment incurs a fixed plant setup cost, whereas the foreign firm obtains only a share of the joint profit from a cross‐border merger under the restriction of the FDI policy. This trade‐off is affected by market demand, cost differential, and market competition, among other things. The host country's government chooses its FDI policy to affect (or alter) the multinational's entry mode to achieve the maximum social welfare for the domestic country. We characterize the conditions shaping the optimal FDI policy and offer intuitions on FDI patterns in developing and developed countries.     

Foreign direct investment under oligopoly: Profit shifting or profit capturing?

In this paper a model of taxation of foreign source corporate income is developed when the output market is not perfectly competitive. Profit shifting policies, similar to those in the new trade literature, are also present in the case of foreign direct investment (FDI). There are, however, important differences to the new trade theory since in case of FDI, (i) corporate taxation and double taxation relief are the policy instruments rather than output or revenue taxes, (ii) countries are not symmetric in the sense that the host country has the first right to tax the multinational's profit and the home country reacts by providing double taxation relief, and (iii) output but not corporate taxation is specific to imperfectly competitive industries. It is argued that (a) variants of a tax credit are analogous to export subsidies, (b) when the home country operates a tax credit system the host country's incentive to capture the multinational's profit is bounded under imperfect competition, (c) when the host country offers a tax holiday the home country should imitate this policy, and (d) in the presence of perfect competitive industries, double taxation relief is a good instrument to target imperfectly competitive industries.     

FDI对浙江技术溢出效应的实证分析

外商直接投资(FDI)作为国际资本流动的主要方式,对东道国的经济和技术发展产生了巨大的影响,以往的研究大量集中在FDI对中国整体技术溢出效应层面,而鲜有文章注重FDI对单一省份技术外溢的研究。分析FDI对浙江技术进步的作用,结合浙江利用外资的数据,根据柯布-道格拉斯生产函数建立衡量技术溢出效应的数学模型,进行了实证分析。实证结果表明,浙江外商直接投资对经济不存在技术外溢效应,原因在于浙江吸引的外资层次不高。提出了可行性建议,以期改善这种局面。     

FDI and Outsourcing in a Service Industry: Welfare Effects of Liberalising Trade and Investment

This study examines a foreign firm's entry decision and its effects on the host country's welfare in a model with a composite good in which both commodity and service generate utility for consumers. Along with the commodity it produces, a producer can provide the service by itself or outsource the service. The result shows that the incentive for foreign direct investment (FDI) in the service sector increases under liberalising trade in the final‐good market. Moreover, there exist policy combinations of trade and investment liberalisation, whereby the domestic firms' profitability is traded off with the host country's social welfare when the foreign firm provides a service through FDI or through outsourcing, respectively. Finally, the welfare after simultaneously liberalising trade and investment is not necessarily greater than that under autarky.     

外商直接投资、对外贸易与环境污染的实证研究

文章通过中国30个省(市、区)2000-2005年面板数据,对FDI与外贸的环境污染效应进行了实证分析.对外贸易与FDI整体上都促进了中国经济增长,其中,进口对经济增长的作用较小;出口与FDI加剧了中国环境污染;进口贸易可抑制环境污染,但作用比较小;人力资本具有显著的促进经济增长与抑制环境污染的双重功能.本文的政策建议是,调整出口与引资政策,发展教育,促进人力资本积累.     

我国FDI技术溢出效应研究述评

外国直接投资的技术溢出效应问题是一个重要的理论和实践问题,近年来我国对这一问题的研究取得了一定进展,特别是对FDI技术溢出效应的影响因素、FDI技术外溢对技术创新和经济增长的影响、区域差别对FDI技术外溢的影响以及FDI技术外溢路径等问题的研究有所创新和突破。     

对外直接投资的贸易效应研究--基于中国经验的实证分析

对外直接投资与出口贸易之间的关系一直是相关理论和实证研究的争论主题。运用引力模型,对中国FD I的贸易效应进行实证分析表明:中国对东道国的直接投资促进中国对东道国的出口,但对从东道国的进口却具有替代效应。因此,大力促进中国对外直接投资,是促进中国的对外出口、绕开东道国贸易壁垒的重要途径。