中国经济周期波动的福利成本研究——基于小概率“严重衰退”事件的视角

本文在Lucas模型基础上,引入存在严重衰退状态的消费增长过程,重新估算中国经济周期的福利成本,修正了Lucas论断。通过本文模型的计算,我们得出:(1)应用存在严重衰退状态的福利成本模型估算的中国经济波动的福利成本远远高于Lucas模型估算的结果。在合理的参数范围内,前者一般是后者的10倍左右。因此,对于中国经济而言,旨在防止严重衰退状态发生的宏观稳定政策的福利收益相当大。(2)对于中国经济而言,降低严重衰退状态发生的概率(从0.017降低到0.003)所获得的福利收益大约是Lucas模型结果的3～4倍。这表明,中国宏观稳定政策的收益主要来源于降低严重衰退状态的发生概率,而不是减少通常意义上的经济波动。(3)在相对风险规避系数取值范围内(γ小于6),中国经济波动的福利成本与美国经济波动的福利成本相当接近。这从某种程度上说明了存在严重衰退状态的福利成本模型适用于不同的经济体。     

住房、便利设施与异质性劳动力流动——微观机制与福利效应

通过构建住房和便利设施供给内生的空间均衡模型,运用人口调查数据和反事实检验方法,本文考察了住房成本和便利设施水平变动影响异质性劳动力流动的微观机制及其福利效应。研究发现:(1)住房成本随着异质性劳动力向城市集聚而显著上涨,但城市便利设施水平的提高主要得益于高技能劳动力就业规模的扩大,低技能劳动力就业增长的贡献并不显著;(2)住房成本上涨与便利设施水平提高进一步推动了异质性劳动力在城市间的流动与配置,反映在城市体系上,使得城市的规模分布分别呈现出扁平化和向大城市极化的特征;(3)就福利效应而言,住房成本上涨压缩了工资溢价带来的福利水平提升空间,但一定程度上缓解了高、低技能劳动力福利差距的扩大趋势;更高水平的便利设施促进了福利水平的提升,但也加剧了高、低技能劳动力之间的福利不平等状况。城市规模对上述福利效应存在放大机制。     

利率平滑:我国货币政策操作的新范式

利率平滑是各国中央银行普遍采用的货币政策操作方式,也正逐渐成为我国货币政策操作的新范式。利率平滑操作是宏观经济均衡价格发现机制,可以平滑经济波动,降低经济波动的福利成本,稳定金融市场,减小经济调整成本,减少政策的动态不一致,增强货币政策可预测性。我国应进一步建立和改善利率平滑操作所需要的市场经济环境,促进经济平稳健康发展。     

减税降费的价格和福利效应——引入成本传导率的投入产出价格模型分析

本文在增值税抵扣机制的投入产出价格模型中引入社保费和成本传导机制,并利用2017年中国投入产出表和税收数据模拟分析了不同成本传导率条件下,减税降费的价格效应和福利效应。研究表明:(1)减税降费使得各行业产品价格降低,对第三产业的价格影响最为明显。(2)成本传导率越高,则产品价格的下降幅度越大。当成本传导率分别为1/3、2/3和1时,各行业产品价格的平均下降幅度分别为0.32%、0.93%和2.66%。(3)较为合理的中国整体成本传导率约为1/3,减税降费是2019年中国PPI下降的主要因素之一。当成本传导率为1/3时,模拟计算的PPI下降幅度与国家统计局公布的2019年PPI的下降幅度(-0.3%)非常接近。(4)减税降费使消费者价格下降,居民福利得以改善,且城镇居民福利改善高于农村居民。随着价格传导率增大,城镇居民与农村居民的人均福利改善差距扩大。     

经济波动、金融摩擦与固定资产投资——来自中国地级市样本的证据北大核心CSSCI

本文基于2001-2015年间中国286个地级市样本数据,对经济波动和固定资产投资之间的关系进行实证分析,得到以下结论:第一,中国地级市层面固定资产投资与经济波动之间呈非线性关系;第二,在经济波动对固定资产投资的影响中,金融摩擦机制所起的作用有限,主要还是实物期权效应起作用;第三,越是长期来看,经济波动对固定资产投资的影响越显著,金融摩擦机制所起的作用越小,实物期权效应所起的作用越大。     

股市涨跌周期与中国经济波动

2008年全球金融危机的爆发使得宏观经济学家和政策制定者认识到需要将金融摩擦纳入到当前主流宏观经济模型当中,然而目前主流文献集中于刻画银行部门的信贷渠道,对股票市场的关注相对不足。本文在新凯恩斯主义框架中引入股票市场,提出了一个关于股市周期与经济波动相互作用的分析框架,从经济的需求侧和供给侧两方面分析了股价波动对实体经济作用的传导机制,并讨论了中央银行的最优货币政策规则。研究发现:股市涨跌通过财富效应和托宾Q效应显著影响我国经济波动;为了更好地平抑经济波动,中央银行应该将股价波动纳入货币政策的决策考量范围之内。     

完全成本保险对农业经济以及社会福利的影响分析

本文建立了一个含有风险冲击和保险保障的动态随机一般均衡模型,探讨了农业保险对于农业经济波动的影响效应.进一步地,比较了完全成本保险相较于传统产量保险对风险冲击的平抑效果,并基于DSEG的分析框架,测算了两种产品带来的社会福利的变化.结果 发现:农业保险可以有效地平抑风险冲击带来的经济波动,相比传统产量保险完全成本保险的...     

数字金融、金融市场化与经济波动

基于2011-2020年中国省级面板数据,构建固定效应和面板门限模型,分析数字金融对经济波动的影响,探究数字金融影响金融发展水平和金融市场化水平对经济波动产生影响的机制路径,研究发现：数字金融对经济波动有着显著的抑制效应,并伴随着双重门限效应。数字金融在水平较低时会对经济波动有助推作用;在超过第一门限值后,数字金融对经济波动表现出显著的抑制效应;但是在数字金融高于第二门限值后,数字金融对经济波动的边际抑制效应有所下降。数字金融通过削弱金融发展的“金融减速器”效应和降低直接融资水平,削弱金融发展和金融市场化对经济波动的平抑效果。因此,应合理引导数字金融发展,稳步推进金融市场化的步伐,以实现数字金融对经济稳定增长的积极作用。     

基于不同汇率制度的实际利率冲击效应研究

实际利率冲击对经济波动的传导效应与该国的汇率制度有密切关系。以汇率制度为视角,通过构建SVAR模型,考察世界及国内实际利率冲击对中国及新加坡经济波动的传导效应。研究表明,相对于实行浮动汇率制度的新加坡,世界实际利率冲击对中国经济波动影响程度更大;本国实际利率冲击通过对汇率的不同作用机制,对两国产生不同的传导路径;中国和新加坡产出波动的主要影响因素分别是实际利率和新元汇率。     

劳动力调整成本、宏观经济波动与货币政策——基于NK-DSGE模型的分析框架

本文建立了一个包含劳动力调整成本的NK-DSGE模型,并考察了劳动力调整成本对于货币政策动态效应所产生的影响。研究表明,劳动力调整成本显著改变了技术冲击以及货币政策冲击下宏观经济变量动态变化的轨迹。在此基础上,本文进一步分析了存在劳动力调整成本下的最优货币政策。研究表明,为了缓和劳动力调整成本造成的扭曲,基于最小化福利损失的角度,当劳动力调整成本显著存在时,政府不仅需要牺牲部分产出的增长,而且需要忍受通胀的上升。因此,基于本文的研究结论,在评价我国货币政策效应时,应该考虑劳动力调整成本造成的影响。     

Asset Bubbles and the Cost of Economic Fluctuations

Lucas (1987, 2003) estimates that the cost of economic fluctuations is low; a social planner would pay no more than 0.1% of (permanent) consumption to eliminate all future business cycle fluctuations. The current paper extends Lucas’ calculations by studying the costs of fluctuations arising from asset bubbles. We estimate two classes of costs: consumption volatility due to asset bubbles in a representative agent economy and consumption volatility that arises because households have heterogeneous exposure to the bubble assets. We show that the magnitude of welfare costs is primarily driven by the existence of heterogeneity. Our benchmark calibration implies that the asset bubbles of the last decade generated a social welfare cost equal to a permanent 3% reduction in the level of national consumption. If assets are held proportionately across the population, these welfare costs fall by an order of magnitude. Our calculations are sensitive to the details of the calibration, including the degree of balance sheet and trading heterogeneity, the coefficient of relative risk aversion, and the magnitude of the asset bubble. Our preferred specifications generate welfare costs ranging from 1% to 10% of (permanent) national consumption.     

Conceptualising social risk and business risk associated with private sector development projects

There are various definitions of social risk. For some, social risk pertains to social protection, and risk-taking is thought to enhance human welfare. For others, social risk is contrasted with empirical risk, where the perception of risk by lay members of society differs from that of experts in any given field. More recently, social risk has come to be associated with the potential future negative social impacts of corporate activities and private sector development on individuals and groups. This paper theorises the relationships between social risk and business risk in the context of private sector developments. Many business leaders continue to conflate social risk with their existing understandings of business risk, with social risk understood to be the risk to the business arising from the actions of community stakeholders. Conceiving of social risk in this way has implications for the discrete identification, prevention and mitigation of social and business risks and impacts, and has ramifications for corporate risk management strategies, as well as companies’ relationships with community stakeholders.     

Welfare Cost of Fluctuations When Labor Market Search Interacts with Financial Frictions

We study the welfare costs of business cycles in a search and matching model with financial frictions. The model replicates the volatility on labor and financial markets. Business cycle costs are sizable. Indeed, the interactions between labor market and financial frictions magnify the impact of shocks via (i) a credit multiplier effect and (ii) an endogenous wage rigidity inherent to financial frictions. In addition, in a nonlinear framework, large welfare costs of fluctuations are explained by the high average unemployment and the low job finding rates with respect to their deterministic steady‐state values.     

Macroprudential regulation and macroeconomic activity

I develop a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model to examine the impact of macroprudential regulation on banks’ financial decisions and the implications for the real sector. I model an occasionally binding capital requirement constraint and analyze its costs and benefits. This friction means that the banks refrain from valuable lending. At the same time, capital requirements provide structural stability to the financial system. I show that higher capital requirements can dampen the business cycle fluctuations and raise welfare. I also show that switching to a countercyclical capital requirement regime can help reduce volatility and raise welfare. Finally, by means of the welfare analysis, I also obtain the optimal level of capital requirement.     

Financial distress, bankruptcy law and the business cycle

This paper explores the business cycle implications of financial distress and bankruptcy law. We find that due to the presence of financial imperfections the effect of liquidations on the price of capital goods can generate endogenous fluctuations. We show that a law reform that ‘softens’ bankruptcy law may increase the amplitude of the cycle in the long run. In contrast, a policy of bailing out businesses during the bust or actively managing the interest rate across the cycle could stabilize the economy in the long run. A comprehensive welfare analysis of these policies is provided as well.      

Optimal Simple Monetary and Fiscal Rules under Limited Asset Market Participation

The combination of limited asset market participation and consumption habits generates indeterminacy for empirically plausible calibrations of a business cycle model characterized by price and nominal wage rigidities. Equilibrium determinacy is restored by demand management policies based on simple fiscal rules. In this regard, fiscal control of nominal income growth is particularly effective. In addition the complementarity between the Taylor rule and the fiscal feedback on nominal income growth produces relatively large welfare gains, limiting both aggregate and intragroup volatilities.     

Business Groups in Emerging Markets: A Survey and Analysis

Research in the economics, finance, and management literature has sought to describe the predominance of business groups using an economic lens for decades. Yet, theory still falls short of explaining the role of business groups as a substitute for external markets as their influence only increases as countries develop. This article synthesizes the literature and posits that three main problems hinder its explanatory power; the difficulty of defining and identifying business groups, the focus on social welfare implications, and that the embeddedness of the central theories in a decidedly Anglo-American, developed economy perspective. Finally, suggestions for addressing these issues, along with accompanying hypotheses, are presented to further future research.     

论微型金融“多位一体”模式的双赢效应:以格莱珉为例

格莱珉银行创造了以创新产品业务、多维化客户身份、动员储蓄为特点的"多位一体"模式,为微型金融的发展提供了可行路径。"多位一体"模式发挥着双赢效应:它既是微型金融运营的稳定器,具有风险、成本控制效应;同时也是社会效益提升的助推器,提高了低收入群体的收入水平和商业意识,改善了社会福利水平。     

Quantifying the risk-sharing welfare gains of social security

The welfare effects of intergenerational risk sharing through a pay-as-you-go social security system that is efficiently indexed to wages or interest rates are quantified. Comparing steady states, there are large welfare gains of being born into an economy with efficient risk sharing as compared to the current U.S. system. Efficient policy involves an increasingly risky net of tax income over the life cycle. When adjustment to steady state is taken into account, the welfare gains largely turn negative. The results are also compared and contrasted to the first best allocation.     

Immigration,remittances and business cycles

Using data on border enforcement and macroeconomic indicators from the U.S. and Mexico, we estimate a two-country business cycle model of labor migration and remittances. The model matches the cyclical dynamics of unskilled migration, and documents the insurance role of remittances in consumption smoothing. Over the cycle, immigration increases with the expected stream of future wage gains, but it is dampened by a sunk emigration cost. Migration barriers slow the adjustment of the stock of immigrant labor, enhancing the volatility of unskilled wages and remittances. Changes in border enforcement have asymmetric welfare implications for the skilled and unskilled households.