The Exploitation of Relationships in Financial Distress: The Case of Trade Credit

This paper develops optimal pricing, lending, and renegotiation strategies for companies in relationships where one firm is highly dependent on the other. Long-term trade–creditor firm relationships induce dependent trade creditors to grant more concessions in debt renegotiations than nondependent creditors. Anticipating these larger renegotiation concessions, not only do less financially stable firms prefer trade credit, but all firms agree to pay a higher interest rate for trade credit. The model also explains the existence of "teaser" interest rates and convenience classes. Findings are consistent with those of the relationship-lending literature.     

Financial Distress Costs and Delayed Calls of Convertible Bonds: An Empirical Analysis

Theoretical analysis implies that optimal call policy would be to call the bonds as soon as the conversion value equals the call price. Empirical studies, however, report that firms appear to systematically delay the call and the difference between the conversion value and the call price is large at the time of the call. This study examines convertible bond calls between 1977 and 1993, with a view to explain the large difference between the conversion value and the call-price at the time of the call. A large majority of the firms calling the bonds have cash-flow incentive to call the bonds in that the after-tax interest payments are higher than the dividends on the converted shares. The large difference between the conversion value and the call price is positively related to the risk characteristics of the firm. Evidence seems to support the view that risk aversion and fear of potential financial distress may explain the large difference at the time of call between the conversion value and the call price.     

Trade Receivables Policy of Distressed Firms and Its Effect on the Costs of Financial Distress

This paper studies the trade receivables policy of distressed firms as the trade-off between the firm's willingness to gain sales and the firm's need for cash. We find that firms increase trade receivables when they have profitability problems, but reduce trade receivables when they have cash flow problems. We also find that a firm that significantly cuts its trade receivables when in financial distress will experience an additional drop of at least 13% in sales and stock returns over the previously documented 20% average drop for financially troubled firms. Moreover, the performance decline of a firm in financial distress is significantly higher if the firm cuts trade receivables than if it does not.     

绿色信贷对我国产业结构优化效应的实证分析

在理论分析绿色信贷通过资本形成、资本导向、信息传导、产业整合、风险分配机制影响产业结构优化的基础上,使用灰色关联模型实证分析绿色信贷与产业结构优化的相关性,研究结果为绿色信贷与第三产业关联度最高、第二产业次之、第一产业最低。然后选取我国2004—2017年的省际面板数据进行回归分析,同时进行区域面板和分阶段面板实证研究,得出绿色信贷在一定程度上促进产业结构优化,但影响有限。最后针对政府及金融监管部门、银行等金融机构两方面提出对策建议,以促进绿色信贷对产业结构优化正向效应的有效发挥。     

财务困境成本理论与实证研究综述

本文对财务困境成本的存在性、分类、计量以及经验估计等相关理论和实证研究进行综合评述,最后探讨财务困境成本的未来研究方向,指出基于公司财务特征、公司治理和股权结构等多维视角研究财务困境成本的影响因素,并提出构建预期财务困境成本指数具有理论意义和应用价值。     

中国金融业改革对双重信贷配给影响的实证检验

双重信贷配给,指我国信贷市场对国有企业的信贷偏向（非均衡信贷配给,McKinnon,1973）和基于信息不对称原因造成的信贷配给（均衡信贷配给,Stiglitz和Weiss,1981）。本文采用深市A股上市公司2001—2009年的数据,检验了国有商业银行改革对双重信贷配给的影响,结果发现,随着利率市场化和国有银行改革的深入,民营上市公司遭遇非均衡信贷配给的程度减轻,而与信息透明度有关的均衡信贷配给的现象增强。     

Trade Credit Management and the Decision to Use Factoring: An Empirical Study

This paper examines the firm's decision to use factoring amongst a cross-sectional sample of 655 manufacturing companies using a rich firm-level database. The paper develops and tests hypotheses that explain this particular choice of credit and financial management policy. We find strong evidence of a 'financing demand' explanation for the use of factoring, and also some support for theories which relate the decision to use a factor to the firm's product characteristics, to market characteristics and to the preferences of the factor (supply constraints). The motivation to use factoring, however, appears to be related more to a demand for asset-based finance from small companies than to firm-level choices about organisational structure.     

我国FDI国际贸易效应的实证分析

本文利用计量经济学的方法对我国所吸引的外商直接投资和进出口之间的关系进行了分析,得出结论认为FDI是影响我国进出口变动的主要因素,它对我国的国际贸易产生的是互补效应。因此,我国引资工作的重点要放在转变贸易增长方式,提高我国吸外引资的质量上来。     

基于FSI的中国金融安全实证分析

随着我国加入WTO后金融自由化进程不断加快,建立金融安全预警机制,及时掌握金融安全动态,对防止金融危机的爆发至关重要.本文首先在相关文献研究的基础上,依据"三性原则"筛选出能够反映我国金融安全运行状况的20个指标,其次参照国际标准和中国具体实际确定了临界值或区间值,最后经计算得出反映我国金融安全程度的指数--FSI(Financial Security Index),并运用FSI对我国1992～2005年间的金融安全状况进行了评判.通过研究得出结论认为:1992～2005年我国的金融安全总体趋势是逐渐变好,加入WTO虽然并未使我国的金融安全状况变差,但是在目前金融业逐渐开放的条件下仍然需要高度关注金融风险.     

财务困境预警模型与银行信贷风险的识别与防范

当前商业银行信贷风险管理主要采用的是6C法和五级分类法,这类方法具有主观性、短期性和单一性等缺点,不能为银行提供及时准确的决策信息。鉴于此,本文在企业财务困境预警模型的基础上建立了商业银行对企业的财务预警模型—Logit模型,该模型以企业的现金流量好坏作为信贷评级依据,以各类财务指标作为预警指标。研究结果表明:在企业发生财务困境的前一两年,该模型具有很好的预测效果,能够有效地为商业银行识别出有问题的企业,从而降低商业银行的不良贷款的形成。     

An Analysis of the Underreported Magnitude of the Total Indirect Costs of Financial Distress

In this paper we examine 1,041 ongoing firms over the time period 1982–92. Using quarterly data for the detection and measurement of the magnitude of the indirect costs of financial distress, we find three important explanatory factors: (a) the distinctiveness of the pattern of increasing financial distress over time, (b) the degree of leverage in the capital structure and (c) the size of the firm. For those firms with a distinctive pattern of increasing financial distress over time, the average annual losses as a percentage of market value is –10.3%. The maximum loss is –76%. Even if the firm never fails, its market value can be severely impacted by the presence of the indirect costs of bankruptcy over time. This study finds a significantly positive relationship between Altman's Z-score and the firm capital investment growth rate. This relation holds after controlling for other variables such as leverage, firm size and market/book ratio. This implies that lost investment opportunities may be also an important part of the total indirect costs of financial distress, which appear now to be much larger than previously recorded.     

An Empirical Investigation of Firm Longevity: A Model of the Ex Ante Predictors of Financial Distress

Empirical models of a potential failure process that incorporate distress states between the extremes of corporate health and bankruptcy are uncommon. We depict financial distress as a series of financial events that reflect varied stages of corporate adversity. Our intent is to provide information regarding the influence of certain risk dimensions and firm-specific attributes on distressed firm survival over time. Within a theorized distress framework, we utilize the techniques of survival analysis to longitudinally track firms, grouped a priori according to an initial decline in operating cash flows. We find that the event of default has a significant positive association with business failure. Further, we document that the significant accounting covariates tend to change conditional on a firm having progressed through the diverse stages of distress. These findings accentuate the heterogeneous nature of financial distress and potential business failure.     

我国商业银行信用卡客户流失实证研究

本文论证了实现客户流失管理的基本条件,运用逻辑回归方法识别国内商业银行信用卡客户流失的行为特征,提出了预测信用卡客户流失的行为模型,发现影响客户流失行为的敏感性指标,提出在当前竞争激烈的国内信用卡市场中商业银行管理层着手信用卡客户流失管理的切入点.本文主要结论是:根据预示客户流失行为的若干指标和分析结果,要从信用卡客户定位、交叉销售、多渠道服务以及提高信用卡客户退出成本等多方面构建信用卡客户保留策略.     

山东省金融深度和金融宽度实证分析

理论研究表明,较高的金融发展水平与良好的经济发展水平之间存在着密切联系.山东省作为经济大省,虽然在经济发展方面取得了巨大的成就,但是从金融深度和金融宽度这两个衡量金融发展的重要指标来看,山东省金融深度和金融宽度都不及广东和江苏.影响金融发展的因素是多方面的,本文实证考察了影响金融深度和金融宽度的宏观因素.研究表明,国民收入与金融深度和金融宽度都存在显著的相关性,利率及通货膨胀率对金融宽度有显著影响,对金融深度则没有影响.     

银行信贷调整的经济增长效应研究

银行信贷创造货币的功能通过资本深化带动了经济增长。1994~2000年间,中国实施紧缩信贷的政策,银行信贷增长率每降低1%,经济增长率降低0.79%,从紧的信贷政策对抑制1992~1993年的经济过热起到了一定的作用,但是也使这一阶段经济增长一度低迷。2001~2007年,银行信贷增长率每增加1%,经济增长率增加0.2%,稳健的信贷政策对经济增长产生了明显的影响。因此,当前实施的"适度宽松"信贷政策必定会给经济增长带来积极的影响。     

影响信用风险缓释工具价格的模型外生因素研究——基于信用利差的实证分析

本文研究了影响信用风险缓释工具价格的模型外生因素,并基于信用利差进行了实证检验。实证结果表明:标的主体财务杠杆率的变动、公司股权的波动率、标的债券的久期,以及标的主体的总资产规模均对债券的信用利差有显著影响,进而直接影响信用风险缓释工具价格。一个重要发现是,与经典的信用风险结构化模型的解释相左,中国市场上的债券久期与其信用利差水平存在显著的负相关关系。我们认为,合理解释是,此现象与中国债券市场的发行审批机制有关,在中国市场,信用评级高、还债能力强的公司更有可能通过长期债券的发行审批。     

农村信用体系建设实证研究——以沧州市为例

农村信用体系建设作为社会主义新农村建设的核心和纽带,已引起各方广泛关注。本文对沧州市农村信用体系建设总体情况进行了全面分析,对＂农户＋征信＋信贷＂经济信用模式进行了深入探讨,提出了加快农村信用体系建设的思路。     

农村消费信贷供给与需求的实证分析

本文通过对百色右江、隆林等6个县(区)的10个乡镇农户消费信贷进行调查,分析了影响农村消费信贷发展的主要原因,并提出相关对策建议.     

Trade Credit Terms Offered by Small Firms: Survey Evidence and Empirical Analysis

Trade credit has been shown to be an important source of short-term finance for smaller firms but small firms are also suppliers of trade credit. There is little empirical evidence on the credit granting decisions of small firms. Previous empirical work (Petersen and Rajan, 1997; and Ng, Smith and Smith, 1999) has focused on credit granting and investment in accounts receivable in larger firms. In this paper we look at the influences on credit granting for the smallest firms, using a sample of firms with an average of 10 employees. As in previous studies we find that product and demand characteristics influence credit terms. Moreover, we find evidence that firm size affects credit extension choices directly by setting limits on the possibilities for economies of scale, but it also impacts indirectly by affecting the firm's access to finance and its bargaining strength vis-à-vis suppliers. The dominant position of larger customers in bargaining with small suppliers constrains the impact of other factors on the firm's choice of credit terms. Small firms are also under pressure to conform to industry norms, although lack of resources can be a limiting factor. Constrained firms may make use of two-part terms in an attempt to improve their cashflow.