扎龙自然保护区生态旅游发展模式探究

扎龙自然保护区是我国北方同纬度地区中保留最完整、最原始、最开阔的湿地生态系统。根据扎龙生态旅游的资源优势和基础条件，要积极探索其生态旅游可持续发展模式。     

试论人与自然的和谐发展

本文在回顾人类发展历史的基础上,明确了可持续发展是人类发展的高级阶段,指出人与自然的和谐发展是可持续发展的关键。人类中心主义、生态恶化及人口剧增是现实中制约人与自然和谐发展的主要因素。只有树立可持续发展观,并以此为指导,切实提高人口素质,正确发挥市场机制作用,加强政府职能及实现全球范围的合作,人与自然才能和谐发展,人类的可持续发展才能真正实现。     

公司股东违反出资义务民事责任之探析

本文在分析股东出资义务的性质及其表现形式的基础上,重点论述了公司股东违反出资义务所应承担的民事责任。     

论公司社会责任的性质和司法化

《公司法》第5条规定的公司社会责任是倡导性、宣示性的道德责任。我们不宜将"公司社会责任条款"司法化,而应完善相关法律法规、强化执法司法力度、制定《公司行为准则》、推出社会责任投资指数和建立公司社会责任的综合监督机制。     

5A旅游景区、环境考核与企业环境治理

5A级旅游景区代表了中国最高级别的精品旅游景观,具有打造城市品牌、助推经济发展的积极效应,但其动态评选机制对地方环境质量有着严格的考核标准。文章以2007-2015年中国A股上市企业为研究样本,检验了5A级旅游景区机制是否有助于缓解地方政府的环境监督缺位,从而推动企业环境治理。研究发现：当地方城市存在5A级旅游景区时,当地企业的环境投资更多,且上述关系在非国有企业中更加明显;对作用机制分析表明,处于5A级旅游景区的企业承受的政府环境监督力度相对更强,但更多体现在非国有企业中,企业环保补贴对5A级景区不敏感;进一步分析发现,自然资源相对于人文资源景区对企业环境治理的推动作用更加明显;旅游收入占地方GDP比重更大时,5A级旅游景区的环境治理作用更强。综上,文章首次结合中国旅游景区的评级制度,进一步丰富了企业环境治理的驱动因素,这对探索如何协同地方政府在发展经济中的环境保护激励、生态文明建设均具有重要现实意义。     

央企的公司绩效更优吗?——来自2007-2009年中国证券市场的经验证据

鉴于央企近几年来表现的出色业绩,本文选取2007-2009年沪深两地A股上市公司作为研究样本,按企业性质的不同将其分为央企公司、非央企国有公司和私人公司三类,通过对其盈余能力、盈余管理水平、市场反应及在职消费的比较,实证检验了企业性质是否直接影响了公司绩效。结论表明:在所有上市公司中,央企公司绩效最差,非央企国有公司次之,私人公司绩效最好。最后对此结论进行了初步的分析,并指出:只有始终不渝地加快市场化改革进程才是提高包括央企在内的国有企业绩效的必由之路。     

市场化、南北差距及其根源——基于作物性质的政治经济学考察

中国经济发展的区域差异及其根源，一直备受学界关注。其中，市场化发育的区域差异是解释经济发展差距的重要线索。然而，市场发育区域差异的生成根源却未能得到恰当的处理与阐释。文章试图从作物性质的政治经济学维度，构建"政府管制-作物性质-逃避策略"的逻辑框架，探讨区域经济发展差距背后市场发育的决定机理。文章认为，如果将市场化进程视为政府管制放松的过程，那么管制放松就可以区分为主动管制放松与被动管制放松。由可实施逃避策略所决定的被动管制放松及其所触发的市场化进程往往具有不可逆性。由此，逃避策略选择的区域差异性，将导致区域市场化发育程度的不同进而带来经济增长的差异。基于全国1997-2016年面板数据的实证分析表明：由"无政府主义"的作物种植所表达的管制逃避策略，能够显著促进市场化的发育程度；作物种植差异及其所蕴含的种植文化特性，共同决定了南北市场化差异；源于2013年全面开展的农地确权，进一步强化"南强北弱"的管制逃避，导致南北经济差异不断扩大。本研究有助于为中国区域经济增长差异提供新的洞见，从而为缓解不平衡不充分发展问题并推进中国区域经济的协调发展提供政策依据。     

治理环境、终极控制人两权分离与股权融资成本

本文以2004—2006年非金融行业上市公司为样本,检验终极控制人现金流权、两权分离、治理环境和终极人性质对股权融资成本的影响,终极控制人的两权分离程度与股权融资成本之间的关系是否受治理环境的影响,以及上述治理环境与股权融资成本的直接和间接关系是否与终极控制人性质有关。研究发现,（1）两权分离与股权融资成本显著正相关,而现金流权与股权融资成本显著负相关。（2）治理环境本身与股权融资成本负相关,且治理环境的显著改善能弱化两权分离对股权融资成本的负面影响。（3）相对于非国有上市公司,国有公司的股权融资成本较低,且上市公司的国有性质在一定程度上能强化治理环境对股权融资成本的正面作用。     

制度变迁中的中国农地产权的性质:一个历史分析视角

自我国农村社会经济转型开始至今,许多有关农村制度变迁与合约选择的文献对此进行了相关研究并深深影响了学术界、决策界对家庭承包制、农业生产合作社的判断.本文对此进行了严格的理论评析.交易成本不仅产生于信息不对称所造成的委托代理,也产生于人们所缔结的合约结构或所选择的组织形态不能与产权的多重属性达成必要的一致.与流行的观点不同,本文认为,农村集体产权或集体(合作)经济组织仍然是可选择的.在此基础上,本文概要性地比较了农村人民公社的集体产权与联产承包制下的集体产权的各自特征.     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上,尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能,资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标,以求真实反映银行经营的成果,有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系,从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.      

利用膜技术回收利用碱性废水研究进展

回顾了利用膜分离技术处理碱性废水的工艺与综合利用技术所取得的丰硕成果，总结了各种治理方法的特点、适用性及发展方向。     

Taxing Times in Indonesia: The Challenge of Restoring Competitiveness and the Search for Fiscal Space

Indonesia’s economic growth picked up slightly in mid-2016 but remains below the level demanded by government and popular aspirations. Despite a plethora of reforms intended to increase efficiency and productivity, some policies are perverse and longstanding problems of implementation remain. The share of manufacturing has declined, the real exchange rate has appreciated, exports have dwindled, and growth has been trending downwards. The banking sector is stable but inefficient, with wide net interest margins and numerous barriers to competition. Trade protection, particularly in basic food commodities, has created high costs that weigh particularly heavily on the poor. Declining government revenues have placed increasing pressure on the public budget, even as the current administration aims to increase spending on infrastructure and welfare and to enhance productivity. In an effort to increase revenues, the government has announced a tax amnesty program and other measures. In addition, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, the new finance minister, has taken steps to cut non-essential expenditure in order to secure high spending on infrastructure and at the same time keep within the 3% budget deficit limit stipulated by law. Although the overall debt situation is not yet alarming, declining revenues and budget cuts that do not fully reflect this decline are putting pressure on increasing debt levels. The government’s high-profile tax amnesty program was the major policy initiative implemented in the second half of 2016 that aimed to relieve this pressure. Despite widespread criticism of, and scepticism about, the tax amnesty (both within and outside Indonesia), its first phase had a much higher participation rate than most independent accounts expected. Revenues raised so far through the amnesty are less than 60% of the official target, but this is actually a strong result for the short term. The bigger question, however, is whether the amnesty is a key element of a more encompassing strategy to overhaul the system of taxation and tax administration.     

The causes of Japan's ‘lost decade’: The role of household consumption

In this paper, I analyze the causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and find that the stagnation of investment, especially private fixed investment, was the primary culprit. I then investigate the causes of the stagnation of household consumption during the 1990s and find that the stagnation of household disposable income, the decline in household wealth, and increased uncertainty about the future are among the contributing factors. Finally, I consider whether demand side factors or supply side factors were more important as causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and conclude that the former (especially misguided government policies) were probably more important.     

我国发展天文旅游的条件、前景探析及策略思考

天文旅游资源从成因可以分为行星地球天文旅游资源、天体天文旅游资源和天文文化旅游资源三类。天文旅游方兴未艾,我国天文旅游具有很大发展前景。文章对我国开展天文旅游的条件进行了分析,对发展天文旅游的策略和措施进行了梳理。