南方最优知识产权保护水平与南方企业自主创新

构建了一个扩展的南北贸易模型,讨论了南方知识产权保护的决定因素及其对南北双方福利的影响。在模型中,南方政府内生决定知识产权保护水平,北方厂商内生决定研发投资水平和市场竞争策略,南方厂商内生决定自主创新或模仿。研究发现:南方的最优知识产权保护水平与北方存在差异;当南方厂商模仿北方厂商的技术时,南方执行最严格的知识产权保护对北方福利和南方福利都造成损害;当南方厂商的创新效率较高时,严格的知识产权保护能激励南方厂商进行自主创新、改善南方福利。     

发展中国家的实用新型专利与自主创新

利用扩展的南方和北方产品周期模型探讨发展中国家的知识产权保护对自主创新和经济增长的影响,其中北方厂商进行突破性发明创新,南方厂商进行渐进性实用新型创新,北方厂商通过直接投资将生产从北方转移到南方。研究发现,严格的南方知识产权保护总是激励自主创新,对于北方创新和FDI的影响则取决于南方模仿率和创新率的初始水平:如果南方模仿率和实用新型创新率都比较低,那么严格的知识产权保护导致北方创新率和FDI率减慢,不利于南方经济增长;如果南方模仿率或实用新型创新率较高,那么严格的知识产权保护会促进北方创新、FDI和经济增长。     

南方国家知识产权保护与南北经济收敛

文章基于南北分析框架下的内生增长模型,分析了南方知识产权保护对同时进行自主创新和国外模仿的南方国家与进行创新的北方国家的经济收敛的影响,得出了与已有国际技术扩散模型不同的结论:当南方国家相对技术水平高于临界值时,加强南方知识产权保护可促进南北经济收敛;当南方相对技术水平低于临界值时,加强南方知识产权保护则降低南方经济增长率,不利于南北经济收敛;并且南方模仿能力的提高会改变知识产权保护对南北经济收敛的影响。     

知识产权保护、技术差距与发展中国家的技术进步

本文基于南北技术扩散的分析框架探讨了发展中国家的知识产权保护、技术差距对发展中国家技术进步的影响.不同于以往研究,本文假定发展中国家同时进行自主创新和国外先进技术模仿,其知识产权保护在鼓励自主创新和国外技术模仿的两难中权衡取舍.理论分析结果显示发展中国家的知识产权保护、技术差距都对其技术进步都有重要影响.实证检验结果表明,我国当前的技术进步主要依赖于对国外先进技术的模仿,自主创新的技术进步效应不显著.因此现阶段鼓励国外技术模仿的宽松的知识产权保护政策有利于促进我国的技术进步,但随着我国与发达国家的技术差距不断缩小,自主创新能力不断提升,实行严格的知识产权保护将会有利于促进我国的技术进步.     

中国的知识产权保护与技术创新——基于行业特征的实证分析

为了探究知识产权制度影响技术创新的行业差异,本文利用中国2006—2011年27个行业的面板数据,基于行业技术特征和市场特征的视角,在不同技术复杂度、技术差距、需求规模和市场结构下实证检验了知识产权创新激励效应的行业异质性。本文研究发现,随着技术复杂度的提高,促进技术进步的主要途径由出口贸易转向自主创新和国际技术引入;技术差距越小,越有利于通过国际技术引入获取技术进步;相对需求规模小的行业,加强知识产权保护的利大于弊;随着需求规模的扩大,应该弱化知识产权保护;随着市场结构趋于集中,知识产权保护主要是通过自主创新促进技术进步,加强知识产权保护不利于获取技术外溢。     

知识产权贸易与我国自主创新能力的提升——基于中国经济数据的实证分析

知识产权贸易发展状况不但可以反映一个国家的技术竞争力和知识产权保护水平,而且可以体现一国自主创新能力的高低。通过构造一个知识产权贸易对自主创新能力影响的创新产出函数,实证分析发现,知识产权贸易对中国自主创新能力的提升具有正面推动效应,因此,培育中国知识产权优势,提高中国知识产权贸易竞争力,对中国自主创新能力的提升尤其重要。     

外资在华技术创新溢出是否促进内资企业技术进步——基于门槛效应的经验分析

利用2010—2019年中国A股上市公司数据,构建面板门槛模型,探讨外资在华技术创新溢出对内资企业技术进步的门槛效应。结果表明,外资在华技术创新溢出自身存在单门槛效应,对内资企业技术进步的影响呈倒U型关系;以行业外资竞争、内资模仿同构和区域知识产权保护为门槛变量发现,仅当外资竞争水平较低、内资模仿同构程度较低以及区域知识产权保护力度较大时,外资在华技术创新溢出才能促进内资企业技术进步,且其阈值效应存在行业和企业产权异质性。     

国有企业真的抑制了自主创新吗?

本文在一个逻辑自洽的理论框架下同时探讨了国有企业的创新效率和中国本土企业的自主创新困局。通过构建内生技术水平理论模型的研究发现:国有企业的自主创新活动具有门槛特征。当企业从事自主创新活动的利润较低时,信贷所有制偏好和软预算约束对自主创新产生的补偿效应大于挤出效应,国有企业比重增加将提高总体的自主创新水平;反之,补偿效应小于挤出效应,国有企业比重增加将降低总体的自主创新水平。进一步,本文利用1997~2013年的省际面板数据进行了实证检验,结果证实了以上结论。这说明在利润率较低的外部性领域,国有企业对总体的自主创新具有补偿效应。如果在国有企业资金使用效率尚未改善的前提下盲目推行金融市场化改革,将无助于缓解现阶段的自主创新困局。     

数字普惠金融、知识产权保护与企业创新

加快实施创新驱动发展战略已成为社会各界重点关注的议题。本文将数字普惠金融、知识产权保护与企业创新置于同一框架下进行分析,研究发现：数字普惠金融与知识产权保护均有利于促进企业创新;知识产权保护对数字普惠金融与企业创新的关系具有负向调节作用。进一步分析发现：数字普惠金融主要通过降低信息不对称、融资约束与财务风险来促进企业创新;数字普惠金融的创新激励作用有利于提高企业的产品与资本市场表现、促进地区经济增长;异质性检验发现,知识产权保护对数字普惠金融与企业创新的调节作用具有“规模效应”“融资依赖效应”和“阶段效应”。研究结论不仅丰富了企业创新的相关文献,还为完善金融监管体系、优化知识产权环境提供了有益启示。     

内生技术进步、南北贸易与干预政策

文章首先回顾了内生技术进步理论，然后试图在Li（2001）、Dinopoulos和Segerstrom（2003）模型的基础上扩展Grossman和Helpman的南北贸易与产品周期模型，将北方的激进式创新行为和南方的非激进式创新行为同时纳入Dinopoulos和Segerstrom的南北贸易模型，并在内生技术进步与南北贸易框架下分析北方创新和南方模仿之间的相互作用机理，阐述政府R＆D补贴、国际知识产权保护等干预政策对北方创新和南方模仿行为的经济效应。     

Imitation and innovation driven development under imperfect intellectual property rights

Developing countries employ about two-fifth of the world's researchers, originate one quarter of world expenditures on R&D, and their inventions are subject to imitation. Nevertheless, the previous literature focuses on North–South setups in which the South is restricted to imitating northern inventions. To analyze the effects of IPR policies on developed and developing countries, we extend this literature to allow not only for southern innovation and imitation of northern goods, but also for imitation targeted at southern innovations. We find the effects of IPRs on R&D and welfare to be non-monotonic and dependent on innovation efficiency and an innovation threshold in the South. For sufficiently strong IPRs the South engages in original R&D and stronger IPRs promote southern innovation, welfare, and a reduction in the North–South wage gap. Below the threshold, a strengthening of IPR protection fails to promote innovation and decreases welfare. Stronger IPRs exclusively for southern firms can benefit both regions by shifting southern resources from the imitation of northern goods to original southern innovation.     

Intellectual Property Rights and Entry into a Foreign Market: FDI versus Joint Ventures

We study the effect of the intellectual property rights (IPR) regime of a host country (South) on a multinational's decision between serving a market via greenfield foreign direct investment to avoid the exposure of its technology or a North–South joint venture (JV) with a local firm, which allows R&D spillovers under imperfect IPRs. JV is the equilibrium market structure when R&D intensity is moderate and IPRs strong. The South can gain from increased IPR protection because it encourages a JV, whereas policies to limit foreign ownership in a JV gain importance in technology‐intensive industries as complementary policies to strong IPRs.     

Outsourcing and Wage Inequality in a Dynamic Product Cycle Model

This paper constructs a dynamic North–South trade model with outsourcing and endogenous innovation. Production of high quality goods is first performed in the North (Northern phase), then split between the North and the South (Outsourcing phase), and finally shifted to the South (Southern phase). This cycle is reignited whenever a Northern firm innovates a higher quality product. We find that an increase in the fraction of outsourced production raises the Northern skill premium unambiguously, while raising the Southern skill premium if and only if the skill intensity of outsourced production is higher than that of local Southern production.     

A Barrier to the Diffusion of Tacit Knowledge

The paper examines the impact of skill transfer on economic growth. Even if there are the benefits of backwardness and the ability to absorb them, the South may not exploit them, because the skilled workers in the North are not willing to come to the South owing to their high opportunity cost. It is shown that if the South's relative income is low, the South cannot offer high wages to attract skilled workers from the North, and stays in the low rank. But if its relative income is high enough, exploiting the benefits of backwardness, it attains high growth and converges to a relatively higher position. This prediction is consistent with the evidence that the world distribution of relative income has two peaks. The study also shows that an increase in human capital in the North increases the minimum requirement for human capital in the South to soar.     

Trade‐related intellectual property rights: industry variation and technology diffusion

Abstract This paper assesses how a strengthening of intellectual property rights (IPRs) affects international technology diffusion by altering the volume of high‐tech exports into developing countries. A simple North‐South general equilibrium model in which industries differ in their imitation rates is developed. Stronger IPRs encourage Northern firms in a wider range of industries to start exporting. Exports in industries with the highest risk of imitation rise, while exports in other industries may fall. More technology diffuses to the South because new high‐tech products are introduced in the Southern market. This works against the reduction in technology diffusion caused by limited imitation.     

A Schumpeterian North–South Growth Model of Trade and Wage Inequality*

The paper presents a dynamic general‐equilibrium model of interindustry North–South trade that is used to analyze the effects of trade liberalization on the Northern wage distribution. Both countries have a low‐tech sector where consumer goods of constant quality are produced by use of unskilled labor. The North also has a high‐tech sector that employs skilled labor and features a quality‐ladder model structure with endogenous growth. Both innovation and skill acquisition rates are endogenously determined. In a balanced trade equilibrium, it is found that Southern‐originated (Northern‐originated) trade liberalization leads to an increase (decrease) in Northern wage inequality both between skilled and unskilled workers and within the group of skilled workers. The endogenous change in the Southern terms of trade determines the direction of change in unskilled wages in both the North and the South.     

Determinants of Labor Market Participation and Wages of North Korean Female Refugees in South Korea

This paper uses data from a survey on 289 North Korean female refugees who arrived in South Korea in 2007 to understand the determinants of their economic adaption in the South Korean labor market. More specifically, we look at the effects of job finding channels and government policies on the labor market participation and wages of these women. We find that job finding through both personal contacts and public employment networks increases the probability of finding employment, but the former, especially job finding through contacts with South Koreans, is the most effective route to finding employment. In addition, jobs with higher wages are acquired in employment attained from South Korean referrals, followed by South Korean government agencies and those from North Korean refugee contacts. We further find that labor market participation is negatively affected by both public benefits and private transfers possibly because of increases in the reservation wages of job seekers.     

The Growth Effects of National Patent Policies*

We construct a two‐country (innovative North and imitating South) model of product‐cycle trade, fully endogenous Schumpeterian growth, and national patent policies. A move towards harmonization based on stronger Southern intellectual property rights (IPR) protection accelerates the long‐run global rates of innovation and growth, reduces the North–South wage gap, and has an ambiguous effect on the rate of international technology transfer. Patent harmonization constitutes a suboptimal global‐growth policy. However, if the global economy is governed by a common patent policy regime, then stronger global IPR protection: (a) increases the rates of global innovation and growth; (b) accelerates the rate of international technology transfer; and (c) has no impact on the North–South wage gap.     

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN A KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY: A NEW FRAME-OF-ANALYSIS

The debate on software intellectual property rights (IPRs) has not only highlighted fundamental issues regarding the scheme of protection that software enjoys, it has also pointed out major gaps in the representation of computer programs as economic goods. In this respect, various interpretations of software propose a limited outlook by referring only to particular aspects of computer programs.

The paper discusses the economic nature of software and computational processes and how they should be properly represented as commodities by focusing on software IPR legislation in the US. It elaborates the similarities and differences between software applications and machines on the basis of historical evidence from the evolution of information technologies and computer science. Further, we discuss whether computer programs should enjoy IPR protection (like their physical equivalents) and which legal regime would induce the maximal degree of societal benefits, while satisfying private and public interests.

The paper also elaborates the essential issues of the distinction between ideas and expressions and the ways they are treated as intellectual property. It highlights major aspects in the debate over protection of software applications by both patents and copyrights and analyses the economic impact of the joint regime.

By highlighting the dissimilarities in the economic nature and market behaviour of ideas and expressions we point out the difficulties in drawing parallels between software and physical equivalents. Finally, we provide alternative ways to establish coherent juridical basis and legal policy of software IPRs that aim at stimulating innovation and developing the technological landscape in information technologies.