我国劳动力流动与城市失业关系研究

本文通过2005年1%人口抽样调查数据对我国劳动力流动与城市失业之间的关系进行了经验研究。总体来看,劳动力流动并未对城市失业产生显著的影响,政策制定者不必担心因为流动劳动力的不断增加而导致城市失业的恶化。     

The Mystery of Regional Unemployment Differentials: Theoretical and Empirical Explanations

Abstract.  This paper provides an integrated overview of theoretical and empirical explanations used in the applied literature on regional unemployment differentials. On the basis of 41 empirical studies, four different model types covering nine theoretical constructs of regional unemployment determination and 13 sets of explanatory variables are identified. The overall conclusion is that theoretical and empirical explanations help to reduce the weaknesses in each other. While theory is found to predict that the regional unemployment rate depends on labour supply factors (a collection of factors which affect natural changes in the labour force, labour force participation, migration and commuting), labour demand factors and wage‐setting factors, it is the empirical studies that provide a more profound understanding of the explanatory variables involved. Conversely, whereas most empirical studies provide clear‐cut explanations for the signs of the explanatory variables, it is theory that shows that some of these explanations might be out of proportion. By grouping many studies together, this paper shows that there are indeed clear‐cut trends.     

转型期失业保障制度的博弈分析

社会保障的问题历来是倍受争议的问题,存在着很多重大分歧。有一些博弈论专家曾经用博弈模型来讨论社会福利的问题,著名的社会福利博弈模型就是一个很好的例子。通过研究原始的社会福利博弈模型,我们可以得到一个结论就是:一个社会的福利水平越高会导致失业水平越高。在西方“福利型”社会中这已是一个被广为接受的观点,对此国内也有很多学者持相同意见。然而我国毕竟还不属于“福利型”社会,目前我国的社会保障制度也不够完善;另外,我国的失业工人中有相当一部分属“非自愿失业”。这些种种原因决定了在我国这样的社会,不能不加取舍得引用西方社会的理论来构建我们的社会保障制度。因此,我们只有修正原始的社会福利博弈模型,使其适用于处于经济转型期的社会。     

贸易自由化与城乡收入差距关系的实证分析

贸易开放后,因贸易开放而扩张的部门所密集使用的生产要素将得到更多的收益,因贸易开放而收缩的部门所密集使用的生产要素收益将会减少,收入差距因此而发生变化。然而,贸易自由化对城乡收入差距产生的影响并不确定。文章选取1995年-2007年的数据为样本,分析贸易自由化对城乡收入差距影响,以实证方法得出贸易自由化是城乡收入差距扩大的原因。     

Durations in Panel Data Subject to Attrition: A Note on Estimation in the Case of a Stock Sample1

In the empirical analysis of unemployment durations or job durations, it is generally assumed that the stochastic processes underlying labour market behaviour and the behaviour concerning participation in a panel survey are independent. As a consequence, spells that are incomplete due to attrition can be treated as spells that are subjected to independent right censoring. However, if the assumption of independence is violated, i.e. if for example the probability of dropping out of the panel is related to the rate at which a job is found, then attrition may have to be modelled and estimated jointly with the unemployment duration distribution to avoid biased estimates of the rate at which individuals become employed. A way to model the joint dependence is by means of stochastically related unobserved determinants. We discuss some properties of these kinds of models and state conditions needed to estimate such models in the case of stock sampled duration data.     

Growth and Unemployment: Towards a Theoretical Integration

We observe in the literature of the past decade some innovative contributions identified a relation between economic growth and long run unemployment. This set of contributions is composed of very few elements, all characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity about their features and about their final results.
In the first part of the survey we provide a classification of these early contributions. In the second part we explore some alternative formulations of the problem and we present a wider set of models displaying interesting features, able to promote further studies about the persistence of unemployment in a growing economy.     

基于面板数据的中部地区产业结构与城乡收入差距关系的实证研究

城乡收入差距扩大是我国近年来经济社会运行中存在的突出问题。从产业结构调整的角度来分析我国居民收入差距扩大的原因,探讨收入分配的变化规律并提出相关对策建议,具有重要的现实意义。本文以中部地区为研究对象,依据泰尔指数测度方法对中部各省份城乡收入差距进行度量,应用面板数据模型分析了中部地区产业结构与城乡收入差距之间的关系。研究结论表明,产业结构调整与城乡居民收入差距存在紧密关系,应从加快城市化进程,构建中部地区的城市群或城市带;促进第二产业尤其是新型工业发展;全面发展第三产业特别是现代服务业;发展现代农业提高农业综合生产能力;统筹三大产业均衡协调发展等方面缩小中部地区城乡居民收入差距。     

我国失业保险保险制度存在的主要问题及相关对策

失业不仅是一个重要的经济问题,而且是一个十分敏感的社会问题,它直接关系一个国家的经济发展和社会稳定。目前我国的失业保险制度还处于发展阶段,有许多的不完善。文中就我国失业保险的现状进行分析,并给出相关对策。     

Understanding Income Inequality in China: A Multi-Angle Perspective

Economic reforms have brought about spectacular growth and vast improvements of people’s living standards in China since 1978. In the meantime, unbalanced regional growth and income inequality have become two important concerns of future development. Most available studies on income distribution have either focused on the rural population or on the urban citizens. This paper stresses the importance of adopting a multi-angle approach to fully understand income inequality in China. We first use some top-down information to form a general picture of inequality for the whole country, and then use some bottom-up household survey data to explain in detail the development of inequality over time regarding rural/urban inequality, rural inequality, urban inequality and inter-regional inequality, the relative importance of different income sources to overall inequality. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Unemployment Duration: An Analysis of Incomplete,Completed, and Multiple Spells in Emilia-Romagna

Sets of incomplete and completed spells of unemployment wereobtained from the Italian Quarterly Labour Force Survey,carried out by ISTAT in Emilia-Romagna (1993:1–1995:1).The data were analysed through a proportional hazards modelwith a Weibull specification of the baseline hazard, includingboth unobserved heterogeneity applied to the scale parameterof the duration distribution, and telescoping effect to accountfor spikes in the distribution of unemployment spells.They were compared formally also with a non-proportional hazardmodel based on a log-logistic distribution of duration.The estimation of the parameters was carried out separately on bothcompleted spells and quarterly incomplete spells to ascertaindifferences and to envisage the potential seasonal effect.The results showed that the shape parameters changed over time.The parameters of each covariate proved to be statisticallystable over time and were also equal to the parameters ofthe completed spells model.Therefore, the analysis of incomplete spells is fairly feasiblewhen an even (closed form) baseline hazard function is suitablefor data.     

基于投入要素影响的中国物流地区差距研究

文章基于集中度指数和面板数据模型,采用2002~2010年间中国31个省份的面板数据,分析了中国物流的地区差距及投入要素对地区差距的影响。结果表明:我国物流发展水平存在显著的地区差距,东部地区明显强于中西部地区;在投入要素中,信息化水平对物流发展水平的影响较大,物流基础设施的影响较小,而物流从业人员的影响未见;我国的物流发展正处于结构调整期,信息化水平差距对物流发展水平差距的贡献最大。     

FDI对江苏城乡收入差距的影响——基于江苏省面板数据的实证分析

FDI是江苏经济的重要组成部分,对江苏经济的发展产生了巨大的影响,但经济的快速发展也带来了苏南、苏中、苏北三区域经济差距呈现阶梯式发展。文章基于江苏省13个市2000到2011年的面板数据,分析了FDI对江苏省城乡收入差距的影响,并对江苏省发展FDI,缩小城乡收入比提出了相关的政策建议。     

物流业作为我国主导产业发展的实证分析

物流业作为支持现代经济发展的重要平台,受到了各国政府的高度重视。从产业的角度,以1990～2008年的数据为基础,运用主导产业的理论,通过全面分析现代物流业的各项产业指标和系数,深刻揭示了现代物流业的产业特性及其在国民经济中的地位和作用,提出我国物流业目前发展还不够成熟。不完全具备主导产业的特征,但物流的确具有主导产业的潜在特征．发展物流业对我国经济恢复和发展有重要作用。     

城乡收入差距对城镇失业的影响及对策分析

当前我国城乡收入差距日益扩大引发了庞大的乡-城人口流动,在一定程度上加剧了城镇的高失业状况.正确认识这种状况,需要运用适当的理论,予以科学的分析.利用托达罗模型对此现象进行了理论分析,并利用格兰杰因果关系检验方法对城乡收入差距加剧我国城镇失业问题进行了实证检验,最后提出了短期内利用新农村建设缓解我国城镇失业压力的政策措施及建议.     

农村劳动力向城市迁移的影响因素分析

文中从宏观和微观两个层面对农村劳动力向城市迁移的影响因素进行了分析,在此基础上建了多元线性回归的计量模型,并利用2000年到2009年间的统计数据进行了实证分析。结果表明,务农和进城打工的收入差距、进城打工收入与城镇居民收入之间的差距和城镇失业率这三个宏观层面的因素是影响农村劳动力向城市迁移的主要因素。     

中国零售业服务链战略模型的理论及实证分析

中国零售业在国际化的竞争下,面临着生存和发展的威胁。本文通过对零售业服务链内涵及组成结构的理论分析和实证检验,探讨了中国零售业服务链模型,以期实现顾客价值增值为最终驱动力。该模型以核心业务流程为中心,可以降低顾客成本,培养顾客忠诚度,提高顾客满意度,最终达到提高中国零售企业核心竞争力,获得长期竞争优势的目的。     

转型期我国贫富差距扩大现象分析

目前我国的基尼系数已经超过了国际警戒线,最突出的表现就是贫富差距不断扩大,过大的贫富差距会给社会带来动荡,因此,我们不能忽视贫富差距扩大的问题,应正确的看待贫富差距扩大的问题产生的原因,现状以及它所带来的影响,并提出相应的解决方案。     

我国人力资本的地区性趋同假说及实证分析

本文证明了我国经济增长倒U形趋同理论的一个必要条件，即我国人力资本的地区性趋同假定。首先在设定人力资本投资率一致的条件下，本文基于物质资本的边际收益递减规律，提出了人力资本地区性趋同假定，证明了相对趋同与绝对趋同的一致性。然后通过计算我国改革开放以后各省区的人力资本数据验证了这一假定，并给出了预测结果。最后提出了增加人力资本，缩小人力资本地区差异的政策建议。     

收入分配与消费需求:理论与实证

收入分配不平等导致我国消费需求的不足,而边际消费倾向的性状在这一传导过程中具有关键性的作用。以此为逻辑基础,我们通过机理和实证研究发现:第一,与经典理论不一致,具有较高收入水平的城镇居民在初期具有较高的边际消费倾向,而农村居民的边际消费倾向则相对较低,但这一逆反事实在以1996年为拐点后得到拨正;第二,城乡居民边际消费倾向均存在递减的趋势,提高收入增长率能够大幅增加城镇居民的消费支出,但农村居民增加的幅度则较为有限;第三,收入分配对消费需求的影响取决于不同收入阶层边际消费倾向的比较,但总体来说,收入差距的扩大降低了社会消费水平。     

浅谈我国收入差距过大的原因及对策

缩小收入差距,实现社会公平是现今大家最关心的问题之一。现阶段我国人民收入差距不断扩大,应该采取切实有效的措施,防止收入差距的无限扩大而导致贫富分化加剧、远离共同富裕的目标。本文分析了我国人民收入差距过大的体现,并提出了解决的方式。