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1.
Esben Sloth Andersen 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(1):143-164
This paper presents the problem of satiation of consumption and technology in relation to a model of evolutionary endogenous
growth. The model represents an attempt to provide an evolutionary economic micro foundation to Pasinetti's scheme of the
structural economic dynamics of an economy that is based on only labour and knowledge. The micro foundation is based on a
set of rules that makes endogenous the demand coefficients, the labour coefficients, and the number of available sectors.
Through process innovations firms increase their productivities with respect to individual goods, but a growth slowdown takes
place unless the benefits from specialisation are exploited at still higher levels. Another cause for slowdown is related
to an Engelian hierarchy of goods. As the standard of living grows, existing sectors and consumption goods satiate, so new
sectors need to be provided by product innovations in a sufficient pace to keep up with the labour that is displaced from
old sectors. 相似文献
2.
Optimal freeware quality in the presence of network externalities: an evolutionary game theoretical approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
New software products often face difficulty in achieving market penetration. A potential remedy is to offer a freeware version
of the software to encourage initial adoption and establish a larger user base for the software, thereby increasing the commercial
version's value to adopters in future periods. However, to avoid complete cannibalization of the commercial version, the freeware
version's quality must be sufficiently low and the price of the commercial version must not be too high. We model the effect
of these two decision variables, price and freeware quality, on the adoption of software using static and evolutionary game
theory. 相似文献
3.
An evolutionary model of the size distribution of firms 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Fariba Hashemi 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(5):507-521
An analytical study of the evolution of the distribution of firm size in an industry is presented. A drift-diffusion model
is proposed to express the time-evolution of density of firm size within the industry. The model blends the conventional,
more or less static, determinants with the kinds of dynamic considerations introduced by stochastic processes of evolutionary
dynamics. The steady-state distribution as well as the dynamic behavior of the model are derived. Parameters in the resulting
analytical expressions are then fit to a population of firms in the non-manufacturing service sector. The empirical portion
of the paper validates the proposed evolutionary model. 相似文献
4.
Tommaso Perez 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1997,7(2):169-192
This paper analyses the determinants of the impact of foreign multinational enterprises on the technological development
of domestic firms. It argues that the consequences of the foreign presence change according to market and technological conditions.
An evolutionary model of technological competition between foreign and domestic firms is developed which is able to generate
both vicious and virtuous circles of development in locations affected by foreign MNE activities. Theoretical analysis is
tested against the empirical evidence for the UK economy (1983–1989). 相似文献
5.
Mark Tomlinson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1999,9(4):431-451
This paper examines the `learning economy' from the perspective of occupational characteristics and changes in the British
labour market between 1980 and 1992. Following a discussion of the learning and knowledge economy, cross-sectional employment
data are analysed to ascertain which occupations can be classified as knowledge-based. Longitudinal career history data are
then used to trace the flows of these `knowledge workers' over time. Sectoral shifts are examined, with a particular focus
on the knowledge-intensive service sectors. The data come from the Employment in Britain survey: a large-scale employee survey from 1992. The approach used allows us to measure somewhat intangible aspects of economic
behaviour such as learning and tacit knowledge and attempt to trace their flows. Shifts in knowledge from the manufacturing
to the service sector are shown to be important and related to previous work which demonstrated the importance of knowledge
intensive business services for both output and productivity in manufacturing. 相似文献
6.
Ulrich Witt 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):77-94
Economic policy making is discussed from three different angles: the political economy of actual policy making (“what policy
does do”), the analysis of policy instruments for given ends (“what policy could do”), and the debate on policy goals and
their legitimization (“what policy ought to do”). Center stage in the evolutionary perspective is new, positive and normative
knowledge which is unfolding during the policy making process and in its aftermath. It is argued that this implies regularities
and constraints which extend and modify the comparative-static interpretations of public choice theory, economic policy making
theory, and social philosophy.
RID="*"
ID="*" The author should like to thank three anonymous referees of this journal and the editor for helpful comments on an
earlier version of the paper. 相似文献
7.
J.S. Metcalfe 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):3-15
The central theme of this address is the complicated relationship between the growth of the economy and the growth of knowledge.
This theme is explored with the help of a single concept “restless capitalism” which is used to capture the idea that capitalism
in equilibrium is a contradiction in terms precisely because the growth of knowledge cannot be meaningfully formulated as
the outcome of a constellation of equilibrating forces. This theme is explored through a discussion of growth accounting,
the relationship between innovation, markets and institutions and, as an example, the development of innovation in the field
of ophthalmology. We also discuss some pioneering contributions made by Simon Kuznets and Arthur Burns to the discussion of
evolutionary growth. From this Schumpeterian perspective we see the economy as an ensemble not an aggregate entity and so
see more clearly the importance of microdiversity in the relationship between growth of knowledge and growth of the economy. 相似文献
8.
Abstract. In this paper we look at unemployment as a phenomenon which reflects the co-ordination problems that characterize out-of-equilibrium
processes of adjustment. The analysis carried out shifts the focus from structural factors to the economic process. It shows
that unemployment cannot be satisfactorily explained – and policy interventions devised – by focusing only on specific characters
of the technology or confining the analysis to structural factors concerning the labour market. The co-ordination mechanisms
of adjustment processes rather than the fundamentals of the economy appear, in this light, as the main determinants of differences
in unemployment trends in different economies; and monetary policy comes back to the center of the stage as an essential element
of the working of these mechanisms.
RID="*"
ID="*" We thank anonymous referees for their very useful comments, and Elena Lega for the helpful support to the simulation
analysis carried out.
Correspondence to: J.-L. Gaffard 相似文献
9.
Schumpeter and the revival of evolutionary economics: an appraisal of the literature 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
Jan Fagerberg 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):125-159
During the last two decades we have seen a revival of interest in the works of Joseph Schumpeter and “evolutionary” ideas
in economics more generally. A professional society honouring Schumpeter's name has been founded, and linked to it we have
had for more than fifteen years now a professional journal devoted to this stream of thought. However, it has been argued
that, despite these developments, the link between Schumpeter's own work and the more recent contributions to evolutionary
economics is in fact rather weak. This paper considers this claim. Based on an analysis of Schumpeter's contribution to economics
the paper presents an overview and assessment of the more recent literature in this area. It is argued that although there
are important differences between Schumpeter's work and some of the more recent contributions, there nevertheless remains
a strong common core that clearly distinguishes the evolutionary stream from other approaches (such as, for instance, so-called
“new growth theory”).
RID="*"
ID="*" Many people have contributed to this paper in various ways. Jon Hekland at the Norwegian Research Council started it
all by asking me to make an overview of the contribution from “evolutionary economics” to our understanding of contemporary
economies. Several people helped me on the way by supplying written material, comments and suggestions, and I am indebted
to all of them. Brian Arthur, Stan Metcalfe, Keith Pavitt, Erik Reinert, Paolo Saviotti and Bart Verspagen may be particularly
mentioned. A preliminary version was presented at the conference “Industrial R&D and Innovation Policy Learning – Evolutionary
Perspectives and New Methods for Impact Assessment” organised by the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) at Leangkollen, Asker,
April 18–19.2002. I wish to thank the discussant, Tor Jakob Klette, and the participants at the conference for useful feedback.
Moreover I have benefited from comments and suggestions from the editors and referees of this journal. The final responsibility
is mine, however. Economic support from the Norwegian Research Council (“SAKI”) is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
10.
Nuo Liu 《Technology Analysis & Strategic Management》2020,32(8):923-935
ABSTRACT This study uses China's provincial panel data for 2003–2016 to estimate the turning point of technology spillovers promoting economic growth in the coastal and inland areas. The results show that the turning point in coastal areas is significantly higher than that in inland areas. However, improved absorptive capacity as a result of regional disparity increases the threshold of technology spillovers from promotion to suppression in inland areas but decreases it in coastal areas. Then, this study further tests the threshold characteristics of absorptive capacity factors influencing international technology spillovers using a double-threshold regression model and estimates the threshold values of both forward and reverse spillovers from the viewpoint of knowledge context, economic development, opening degree and human resources infrastructure. In conclusion, the effect of absorptive capacity factors on international spillovers is nonlinear, that is, when absorptive capacity factors are between the two threshold values, technology spillovers are maximised. 相似文献
11.
Technology spillovers from high-productivity countries in the North allow low-productivity countries in the South to improve productivity in high-tech sectors relatively easy. However, the South's share in world goods markets for high-tech products is relatively low, which reduces opportunities for learning by doing. Our simple Ricardian endogenous growth model shows how the balance between toughness of competition in trade and the strength of North-South spillovers determines whether productivity levels diverge, partially converge or fully converge in the long run. If convergence prevails, the North is confronted with declining employment in high-tech sectors. Temporary (trade) policy measures can turn a diverging economy into a converging one. 相似文献
12.
Darwinism in economics: from analogy to ontology 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
Geoffrey M. Hodgson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(3):259-281
Several social scientists, including ‘evolutionary economists’, have expressed scepticism of ‘biological analogies’ and rejected
the application of ‘Darwinism’ to socio-economic evolution. Among this group, some have argued that self-organisation is an
alternative to biological analogies or Darwinism. Others have seen ‘artificial selection’ as an alternative to natural selection
in the socio-economic sphere. Another objection is that Darwinism excludes human intentionality. It is shown that all these
objections to ‘biological analogies’ and ‘Darwinism’ are ungrounded. Furthermore, Darwinism includes a broad theoretical framework
for the analysis of the evolution of all open, complex systems, including socio-economic systems. Finally and crucially, Darwinism
also involves a basic philosophical commitment to detailed, cumulative, causal explanations. For these reasons, Darwinism
is fully relevant for economics and an adequate evolutionary economics must be Darwinian, at least in these fundamental senses.
However, this does not undermine the need for auxiliary theories and explanations in the economic domain. 相似文献
13.
Evolutionary economics and economic geography 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
This article attempts to explore how key notions from Evolutionary Economics, such as selection, path-dependency, chance and increasing returns, may be applied to two key topics in Economic Geography. The first issue is the problem of how to specify the (potential)
impact of the spatial environment on new variety in terms of technological change. Evolutionary thinking may be useful to
describe and explain: (1) the process of localized `collective' learning in a regional context, (2) the adjustment problems
that regions may be confronted with in a world of increasing variation, and (3) the spatial formation of newly emerging industries
as an evolutionary process, in which the spatial connotation of increasing returns (that is, agglomeration economies) may result in a spatial lock-in. The second issue is the problem of how new variety may affect the long-term evolution of the spatial system. We distinguish
three approaches that, each in a different way, apply evolutionary notions to the nature of spatial evolution. This is strongly
related to the issue whether mechanisms of chance and increasing returns, rather than selection and path-dependency, lay at the root of the spatial evolution of new technology. 相似文献
14.
Bringing institutions into evolutionary growth theory 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Richard R. Nelson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(1-2):17-28
Classical economics was both evolutionary and institutional. With the rise of neoclassical economics, both the evolutionary
and the institutional aspects were squeezed out of main line economic theory. The last quarter century has seen a rebirth
of both traditions, but as minority intellectual positions, and to a considerable extent separate ones. This essay argues
the need for a rejoining of evolutionary and institutional economics, and suggests a way to bring the two strands together
in a coherent way. 相似文献
15.
This paper sheds light on the questions, Why does knowledge spill over? and How does knowledge spill over? The answer to these questions we suggest lies in the incentives confronting scientists to appropriate the expected value
of their knowledge considered in the context of their path-dependent career trajectories. In particular, we focus on the ability
of scientists to appropriate the value of knowledge embedded in their human capital along with the incentive structure influencing
if and how scientists choose to commercialize their knowledge. We conclude that the spillover of knowledge from the source
creating it, such as a university, research institute, or industrial corporation, to a new-firm startup facilitates the appropriation
of knowledge for the individual scientist(s) but not necessarily for the organization creating that new knowledge in the first
place. 相似文献
16.
M. Fuat Şener 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2000,10(5):557-583
This paper constructs a general equilibrium model of equilibrium unemployment by combining an endogenous growth model with
a variant of equilibrium search theory. The analysis offers two explanations for the causes of widening wage gap between skilled
and less-skilled labor, and rising unemployment rate among the less skilled: technological change in the form of an increase
in the size of innovations or skilled labor saving technological change in R&D activity.
In addition, the model identifies two distinct effects of faster technological progress on the aggregate unemployment rate.
First, it increases the rate of labor turnover and therefore increases the aggregate unemployment rate – the creative destruction
effect. Second, it creates R&D jobs, which offer workers complete job security, and consequently reduces the aggregate unemployment
rate – the resource reallocation effect. 相似文献
17.
Capitalism and democracy in the 21st Century: from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy* 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
This paper explains how and why the developed countries are undergoing a fundamental shift away from a managed economy and
towards an entrepreneurial economy. This shift is shaping the development of western capitalism and has triggered a shift
in government policies away from constraining the freedom of business to contract through regulation, public ownership and
antitrust towards a new set of enabling policies which foster the creation and commercialization of new knowledge. The empirical
evidence from a cross-section of countries over time suggests that those countries that have experienced a greater shift from
the managed to the entrepreneurial economy have had lower levels of unemployment. 相似文献
18.
Consumption,preferences, and the evolutionary agenda 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
J.S. Metcalfe 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2001,11(1):37-58
The purpose of this paper is to provide a preliminary evolutionary account of preferences, consumption and demand. This is
particularly relevant for the study of innovation which offers consumers the opportunity to develop new behaviours. The paper
approaches this question in two stages. First it recognises the importance of time as well as income constraints on consumer
behaviour. Secondly, it develops a behavioural approach to consumption routines in terms of Herrnstein's concept of meloriation.
In this account the focus is upon activities for which commodities and time are inputs and, with innovation, time is rescheduled
on many fronts. Consumer learning is related to a replicator dynamic process. It is shown how changes in wages, prices and
the time required to consume influence the demand for activities. 相似文献
19.
In this paper, international knowledge spillovers are incorporated in a horizontal innovation model, designed to explain the observed uncertain effects that openness of trade can have on wage inequality in small developing countries. Openness of trade can produce two different effects: an increase in the relative price of less-skilled labor-intensive products and a wider skill discrepancy due to knowledge spillovers from the more to less developed country. The former triggers a fall in the wage premium, while the latter widens the wage premium gap in a developing country. These two opposing forces explain the observed uncertain effects of openness to trade on wage inequality in developing countries. 相似文献
20.
While the neoclassical growth theory considered economic growth as a process of mere accumulation of production capital, the endogenous growth theory shifted the lens to the importance of knowledge in the production process and its potential to create spillovers. We argue in this paper that there is a gap between knowledge and exploitable knowledge or economic knowledge. Economic knowledge emerges from a selection process across the generally available body of knowledge, actively driven by economic agents. This paper suggests that entrepreneurship is an important mechanism in driving that selection process hence in creating diversity of knowledge, which in turn serves as a mechanism facilitating the spillover of knowledge. We provide empirical evidence that regions with higher levels of entrepreneurship indeed exhibit stronger growth in labor productivity.JEL Classification:
M13, O32, O47
Correspondence to: David B. AudretschWe are grateful to the ZEW in Mannheim for research support and to the German Science Foundation (DFG) for financial support under research grant number STA 169/10-2. We are indebted to two anonymous referees and the editor of the special issue for their helpful comments. 相似文献