国外对我国倾销及我国反倾销体制建立的博弈分析

反倾销（anti-dumping）是国际上通行的制止不正当竞争，规范国际贸易秩序、保护国内产业安全的重要手段。近年来，我国出口产品屡遭世界上其它国家和地区发起的反倾销调查，很多产品出口受到严重阻碍，一些出口企业被迫退出国外市场，直接影响我国出口金额达100亿美元以上，相反，我国许多产业的产品饱受外国产品的倾销，使我国很多幼稚产业受到国外产品的实质损害或实质损害威胁，但由于我国国情的缘故，我国企业未能对国外的倾销产品实行反倾销调查。从1997年至今，我国对国外产品的倾销正式进行反倾销立案调查的只有8起，这与我国4，700多亿美元的进出口额，诸多产业受到倾销之害及我国出口产品受到的反倾销程度相比很不相称。     

倾销与反倾销:理论界定与现实思考

本文认为,倾销与反倾销是国际贸易中的重要问题,由于不同的动机,倾销有不同的形式,其效果也不尽相同;反倾销则是进口国通过征收反倾销税等方式所实施的产业损害救济措施。国外对我国出口产品实施反倾销诉讼的特点,一是提起反倾销诉讼的数量急剧上升,涉案产品的范围不断扩大;二是对倾销的确定带有很强的主观性和随意性;三是征收的反倾销税率普遍较高,存在歧视性;四是反倾销投诉的国家继续增加,同一产品在多国受到投诉。文章提出要利用反倾销手段实施产业保护的对策,积极应诉,建立反倾销应诉机制,建立产业预警机制,积极展开产业损害调查。     

2.30GHz—2.70GHz锁相环式频率综合技术研究

<正> 我国于1997年3月25日颁布了《中华人民共和国反倾销和反补贴条例》(以下简称“反倾销条例”),这标志着曾一度被外国人滥用本国反倾销措施而备受诘难的中国人从此也有了保护自己民族工业等相关产业的有力武器。据悉,我国政府为制止外国产品倾销对国内相关产业的损害,已经受理国内厂商的申诉,开始启动反倾销调查,这表明我国已由被动应诉外国的反倾销诉讼转为主动适用国际贸易规则,对外国倾销产品的不正当竞争采取反倾销措施。这是我国在国际贸易中采用反倾销理论和实践的一个重要转折点。     

反倾销起诉的策略与技巧

一、如何确认企业正遭受国外倾销损害 要提起反倾销调查,首先必须证明国外的相关产品正在对我国倾销并且对我国国内相关产业造成了损害.从企业角度而言,可能首先感受到的是产业受到损害或损害威胁,究其原因才会发现是进口产品的倾销所致.如果企业生产销售的整体状况本来很好,但最近一段时间以来却发生了明显的衰退,如出现了产品价格下降、销售量下调、库存增加、利润下降、市场份额下降、失业人数增加等现象,这些现象可以说明该企业以至该产业正在受到损害.此时,该企业或该产业部门应该探究一下产生这一现象的原因,如果在该企业或该产业整体状况下滑的同时,与该产品相同的国外产品进口大量增加,同时存在国外产业的生产能力强大、库存量很大、进口价格下调等现象,就可以初步判断国内产业正在遭受国外进口产品的倾销和损害.此时,企业就可以准备相关证据、资料,对国外进口产品提起反倾销调查申请.     

国外对华反倾销的现状分析及对策探讨

所谓反倾销,就是当一国产品以低于正常价值的价格进入另一国市场（即（倾销）,并对进口国相似产品工业造成实质性损害或威胁,且倾销与损害有因果关系时,则进口国为抵消或阻止倾销,可征收不超过该产品倾销幅度的反倾销税的行为。伴随着改革开放发展起来的我国经济逐步融入全球经济一体化,我国对外贸易取得了长足发展。但与此同时,国际反倾销浪潮却给我国外贸出口投下了阴影。现在对我国反倾销的立案已达320起,涉及的产品达4000余种,使我国在出口方面每年至少损失100－200亿美元。国际社会频繁的反倾销给我国经济发展带来了不容忽视的负面影响,成为迫切需要解决的问题。     

产业安全视角下的进口反倾销措施研究

以倾销方式进入我国的外国产品正逐渐增多并对我国的产业安全造成了威胁。依据外国产品在我国的倾销情况,分析进口倾销对我国产业安全的影响,从产业安全的角度研究了我国的反倾销措施,即通过建立一个高效的包括政府相关部门、企业和中介机构在内的联动机制,充分发挥反倾销措施维护公平竞争、保护国内产业的作用。     

财务信息在产业损害调查中的应用

<正> WTO的《反倾销协议》和我国的《反倾销产业损害调查与裁决规定》都规定只有在倾销对已经建立的国内产业造成实质损害或者产生实质损害威胁,或者对建立国内产业造成实质阻碍时,即倾销与损害之间已存在实质性的因果关系时,才可以采取反倾销措施。一、产业损害调查中涉及到的财务信息我国的《反倾销产业损害调查与裁决规定》中没有具体规定产业损害调查时需要提供的财务信息。但商务部下属的产业损害调查局在调查损害是否存在时一般会要求被调查企业提供以下财务资料:     

论欧共体反倾销法中的累积方法

根据欧共体现行的反倾销条例,欧委会在某些情况下可以累积评估不同出口国产品倾销对共同体产业造成的影响,考察它们是否共同造成了重大损害。如果答案是肯定的,即便个别国家产品倾销不足以造成“重大损害”,反倾销当局也可能对其征收反倾销税。累积方法(cumulation)的采用要符合法定的条件,更要受到WTO反倾销协议和反倾销国内法的限制,才能维护反倾销调查的公正性。     

商务部新闻发言人就美国政府受理5种纺织品设限申请发表谈话

2005年8月4日，商务部发布2005年第四十八号公告，公布了核苷酸类食品添加剂反倾销调查的初裁决定，认定原产于日本、韩国的进口核苷酸类食品添加剂存在倾销，国内相关产业遭受了实质损害，同时倾销和实质损害之间存在因果关系，并决定对该产品采取保证金形式的临时反倾销措施。     

财经资讯

商务部公布对美部分汽车产品反倾销和反补贴调查的初裁决定 近日商务部发布2011年第13号公告，公布了对美部分进口汽车产品反倾销和反补贴调查的初裁决定，初步认定原产于美国的排气量在2．5升以上的小轿车和越野车存在倾销和补贴．中国国内产业受到了实质损害，并且倾销和补贴与实质损害之间存在因果关系。     

WTO反倾销体制的无效性原因分析

反倾销方面的研究文献众多,但现有反倾销研究热衷于探讨为何反倾销措施大量增加方面的问题,而对价格承诺为何较少使用、反倾销体制为何不能有效阻止倾销等问题研究较少。文章把传统的倾销模型拓展到一个倾销商和进口国政府的动态博弈模型中进行分析,发现:在任何情况下倾销都是垄断出口厂商的占优策略;征收反倾销税比起自由贸易更有利于进口国福利。这对倾销现象有增无减、价格承诺比重很少、反倾销措施数量居高不下的现状提供了一个有益的理论解释,同时也揭示了现行反倾销措施对于遏制倾销的无效性。文章认为,相对于反倾销,反进口垄断更能够改善现行世贸组织体制的效率,并增进进口国福利。     

An Analysis of Factors Influencing the Anti‐dumping Behaviour in India

The use of anti‐dumping measures as a trade protection tool, has increased phenomenally during the last decade. One significant aspect of this new trend is the increasing involvement of developing countries. India is one such country which has emerged as a very frequent user of anti‐dumping measures, surpassing even the traditional users. It had initiated more than 300 anti‐dumping cases by the end of 2002–03. Many of these cases are against developing countries. Most of the cases are concentrated in narrow range product groups, like chemicals and petrochemicals, iron and steel, pharmaceuticals and textiles. This study examines India's experience with anti‐dumping measures. The main objective of the study is to identify the factors which might have influenced the anti‐dumping behaviour in India. Discussion of these factors shows that imports have increased considerably. This is particularly true for a number of developing countries facing dumping charges in India. At the same time, many of the domestic producers of the like products have performed poorly during the last decade. Such trends may instigate the import‐competing industries to seek anti‐dumping protection and may also influence the authority to provide that. However, the results of our statistical exercise show that, although imports and performance of the domestic industry might have influenced the initiation of anti‐dumping cases, these factors did not seem to significantly influence the final decision of the authority. The results rather indicated a tendency on the part of the authority to provide anti‐dumping protection to industries, which are characterised by a large number of firms.     

我国反倾销现状、成因及应对策略

倾销是受到WTO和世界各国广泛抵制的不正当竞争行为。近年来,随着中国进一步加快外开放,国外商品和资本大量涌入国内,一些跨国公司趁机大肆倾销,对我国相关产业造成严重威胁。应合力组建灵敏一高效的反倾销机制,提高我国的反倾销能力,营造出公平竞争的市场环境,促进经济健康发展。     

对外反倾销措施提升中国企业绩效了吗

本文选取1999-2007年度中国对外反倾销措施涉案产品数据以及与之相关的中国工业企业数据,构建微观面板数据模型,定量研究对外反倾销措施对中国进口竞争性产业内企业绩效的实际救济效果。研究结果表明:第一,对外发起反倾销调查当年对进口竞争性企业绩效的影响不明显;第二,不同于以往的研究结果,总体而言,中国反倾销措施的肯定性仲裁结果会降低企业绩效,否定性仲裁结果会提升企业绩效。最后,本文据此提出中国对外反倾销措施的实施在规制国外企业的不正当竞争行为的同时,应以提高国内进口竞争性企业绩效为根本目的。     

自利行为下我国遭遇反倾销诉讼原因的博弈分析

自上世纪90年代以来我国一直是美欧等西方发达国家反倾销的重点国家,这引起了我国学者对于倾销与反倾销的广泛研究。本文从自利行为角度对国企出口遭遇反倾销进行探讨。通过模型建构,得出结论:由于信息的不完全性,这使得进口方更容易错误地认为出口方有倾销行为。     

A Centennial of Anti‐dumping Legislation and Implementation: Introduction and Overview

A century has passed since the Government of Canada adopted the first recorded anti‐dumping law in 1904. The Canadian legislation was soon followed by similar legislation in most of the major trading nations in the industrialised world prior to and after World War I. Anti‐dumping provisions were later incorporated into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) following World War II. Nowadays, virtually all of the industrialised and developing countries in the world economy have adopted anti‐dumping legislation. In view of the long and increasingly widespread use of anti‐dumping measures, we marked the centennial of Canada's 1904 legislation with a symposium at the University of Michigan on 12 March, 2004. The symposium papers document the experiences with anti‐dumping and then ask whether and how anti‐dumping can be reformed. Although we all would probably agree that the best solution would be to retract all anti‐dumping legislation, this is unlikely to happen in the foreseeable future. Anti‐dumping laws serve a variety of purposes, and powerful political forces stand in the way of eliminating these laws. Anti‐dumping provides a stronger and more focused means of safeguards protection against surges of imports than GATT‐legal safeguards laws permit. Anti‐dumping also formalises a meaning for ‘unfair trade’ that, though essentially meaningless from an economic standpoint, strikes a chord in public perception. And finally, in spite of its appearance of being constrained by objective administrative rules, anti‐dumping in practice is a potent political tool that governments are able to manipulate in order to satisfy powerful constituents. With all this going for it, anti‐dumping is unlikely ever to be relinquished as an economic policy tool by governments.     

How do countries respond to anti‐dumping filings? Dispute settlement and retaliatory anti‐dumping

Empirical studies have found that countries may respond strategically to the anti‐dumping petition filed against their exporters through their own retaliatory actions. Although most previous studies have focused on retaliatory anti‐dumping filings, in this paper we explore another potential avenue for strategic response—filing a complaint under the World Trade Organization's (WTO ) dispute settlement understanding. Using a panel of global anti‐dumping filings between 1995 and 2011, we analyse under what conditions countries will choose to retaliate through either an anti‐dumping petition or a WTO dispute, and to what degree these two strategies are complementary or act as substitutes. We find statistical evidence that countries are more likely to file a WTO dispute when they have also filed a retaliatory anti‐dumping petition, suggesting that these two strategies may be complementary.     

THE DIFFERENCE OF LAW ON ANTIDUMPING BETWEEN CHINA AND U.S

According to the statistics, China＇s total volume of foreign trade has exceeded 1 billion dollars in 2004. From 1997 to 2004, China began the Anti - Dumping investigation against the foreign products. Now, China is the world＇s biggest injured state of anti -dumping investigations. With the continuous come down of China＇s tariff, there are more and more dumping of foreign products in China. With increasingly severe anti - dumping lawsuits, we must be conscientious and make a good job of studying the basis of anti - dumping law and practice of the western countries, especially the USA. So that we can speed up the improve of China＇s anti - dumping legislation.     

Tariff Liberalisation and Increased Administrative Protection: Is There a Quid Pro Quo?

Theoretical models and intuition suggest that the amount of non‐traditional protection such as anti‐dumping duties will increase as more traditional forms such as tariffs are lowered under multilateral trade agreements. This paper is the first empirical study of the role of tariff liberalisation in the spread of anti‐dumping. Through both correlations and regression approaches we analyse the relationship between tariff concessions made during the Uruguay Round trade negotiations and the filing of anti‐dumping petitions, with particular interest in whether multilateral trade reductions have spurred the recent growth in new users of anti‐dumping policies. We find that, at least for developing economies, tariff reductions agreed to under the Uruguay Round not only increased the likelihood of a country using anti‐dumping protection but also the total number of anti‐dumping petitions filed by countries.