智慧城市建设对绿色技术创新的影响—基于地级市面板数据的实证研究

实现高质量发展与兑现碳中和承诺,有待于绿色技术的进一步创新。针对这一目标,智慧城市建设提供了一条可行的途径。为了检验智慧城市对绿色技术创新的影响,本文基于2006-2018年287个地级市的面板数据,采用双重差分和倾向得分匹配相结合（PSM-DID）的方法进行实证研究,发现智慧城市建设能够显著促进绿色技术创新。机制检验表明,智慧城市建设主要通过财政科技支出的提高和产业结构的升级促进绿色技术创新。异质性检验发现,智慧城市建设在低金融发展水平、低外向型经济水平和高人力资本水平下,对绿色技术创新的促进作用更为显著。本文对于促进绿色技术创新、营造良好生态环境和推动智慧城市试点建设具有借鉴意义。     

Revisiting the Porter hypothesis: an empirical analysis of Green innovation for the Netherlands

ABSTRACT

Almost all empirical research that has attempted to assess the validity of the Porter hypothesis (PH) has started from reduced-form models, for example, single-equation models for estimating the contribution of environmental regulation to productivity. This paper follows a structural approach that allows testing what is known in the literature as the ‘weak’ and the ‘strong’ version of the PH. Our ‘Green Innovation’ model includes three types of eco-investments to explain differences in the incidence of two types of eco-innovation, which are allowed to affect labor productivity. We allow for complementarity between the two types of eco-innovations. Using a comprehensive panel of Dutch manufacturing firm-level data we estimate the relative importance of environmental regulations on eco-investment and eco-innovations. The results of our analysis show a strong corroboration of the weak and a nuanced corroboration of the strong version of the PH.     

异质性资源对企业生态创新的影响——以资源管理为中介

为获取长期竞争优势，企业应充分利用各种资源进行生态创新。基于资源基础理论(RBT)，以资源管理为中介，探讨异质性资源对企业生态创新的影响机理。以406家制造企业为样本，采用偏最小二乘结构方程模型(PLS-SEM)和模糊集定性比较分析方法（fsQCA）进行实证检验。结果发现，内部资源和外部资源均对企业生态创新具有正向影响，资源管理在异质性资源影响生态创新的过程中起部分中介作用。在生态创新二阶模型中，生态管理创新的作用明显优于生态产品创新和生态工艺创新。通过fsQCA进一步发现导致低生态创新的两种前因构型，拓展了资源基础理论在企业生态创新领域的运用，可为我国企业实施和评价生态创新行为提供参考。     

Battle royal in biotechnology: R&D vs. product vs. process innovations

Companies regard innovation as a central element of their business. However, as not all innovation types are the same, the central question is: should their announcements bring about the same effect on performance? This article analyses potential differences in firm value derived from the innovation-type announcements ‘R&;D’, ‘product’, and ‘process’, made by intensive news-generating firms such as biotech companies. The empirical application shows a significantly positive reaction to innovation announcements, with the prospect of future innovation (‘R&;D’ investment announcements) having greater impact on firm value than ‘product’ and ‘process’ innovations. Firm experience also acts as a moderator in this innovation–performance relationship, which is particularly relevant for entrepreneurs who need to develop and send credible signals indicating the value of the firm's intangible assets to the market.     

How Green are Exporters?

There is a well‐established theoretical and empirical literature that shows that exporters are more innovative than otherwise equivalent non‐exporters. In this article, we ask whether this is also true when it comes to the effects of adopting greener production techniques. Using an instrumental variables strategy based on UK firm level data, we find robust evidence that exporters are more likely to report their innovation as having a ‘high/very high’ environmental effect.     

知识作用视角下城市间环境规制异质性与绿色创新质量研究

城市环境规制刻画了地方政府在绿色创新中的角色特征。基于我国279个地级市面板数据,从知识作用视角,采用负二项分布模型测度我国城市环境规制强度的地区差异性对城市绿色创新质量的影响机制。研究发现：(1)邻近城市的高环境规制强度对本地绿色创新质量产生抑制作用,该抑制作用通过城市间知识宽度缩小、知识距离扩大两类中介效应影响本地绿色创新质量;(2)城市间的知识平衡度在邻近城市环境规制强度与本地绿色创新质量关系中发挥调节效应,当城市间知识平衡度较高时,邻近城市的高环境规制强度对本地绿色创新质量的影响由负转正。由此,获得如下政策启示：地方政府应重视环境规制政策带来的知识成分变化与知识结构调整,促进环境政策与绿色创新政策协同,同时,不同地方间应深化绿色创新主体合作机制,促进知识流动,提升城市绿色创新质量。     

Firm innovation persistence: a fresh look at the frameworks of analysis

This paper introduces the special issue on innovation persistence. It delineates three complementary theoretical frameworks assessing drivers and implications of innovation persistence: ‘knowledge accumulation’ approach, the ‘success-breeds-success’ hypothesis and the concept of sunk costs in R&D activities. It emphasizes how path dependence could be related to innovation persistence. It provides an extensive overview of the main empirical findings of recent papers and suggests a new research agenda about firms’ dynamic capabilities and innovation persistence. Finally it highlights a set of issues that deserve further investigation in the future. The contributions to this issue are set out as well.     

环境规制工具对环境友好型技术创新的区域性影响——以氢燃料电池技术为例

为了明确不同类型环境规制工具是否以及如何影响环境友好型技术创新，从而为环境规制政策制定提供有力依据，以氢燃料电池技术为例，基于中国2004—2017年省际面板数据，采用Sys GMM法进行实证检验，在此基础上，利用SPSS软件进一步将全国样本分为环境友好型技术创新高水平地区、中等水平地区以及低水平地区，检验环境规制工具影响环境友好型技术创新的区域性差异。结果显示，3种环境规制工具对环境友好型技术创新呈现出显著正向影响，且在环境友好型技术创新高水平地区，市场激励型和公众参与型环境规制工具的正向促进效应显著，但命令控制型环境规制工具并未对环境友好型技术创新形成有效激励；在环境友好型技术创新中等水平地区，市场激励型环境规制工具对环境友好型技术创新的负向影响显著，其余两种规制工具的激励效应不显著；在环境友好型技术创新低水平地区，仅有命令控制型环境规制工具显著影响环境友好型技术创新且表现为负向作用。     

自愿参与型环境规制与企业技术创新——公众关注度和市场进程的调节作用

“波特假说”有效性一直是学术界颇具争议的话题，然而现有文献对于自愿参与型环境规制与企业技术创新的关系讨论较少，也缺乏对其作用情景因素的关注。基于2011—2019年730家沪深A股上市企业面板数据，采用负二项回归模型和倾向得分匹配法，分析我国上市企业在市场化进程影响下，自愿参与型环境规制、公众关注度对企业技术创新的影响。结果发现，自愿参与型环境规制对企业技术创新具有正向影响；公众关注度在自愿参与型环境规制对企业技术创新的影响过程中起正向调节作用；自愿参与型环境规制、公众关注度和市场化进程交互项结果表明，企业位于市场化程度较高地区时，公众关注度对自愿参与型环境规制与企业技术创新的调节作用更显著。结论不仅丰富了“波特假说”相关研究，还为我国企业提高信息共享意识以及政府优化市场环境提供了微观证据。     

The reverse tragedy of the commons: an exploratory account of incentives for under-exploitation in an open innovation environment*

This paper presents an empirical account of a phenomenon that we refer to as the ‘reverse tragedy of the commons’ in open innovation. The name signifies the ‘under-exploitation’ of intellectual property (IP) under weak appropriability. The name is this graphic because the tragedy is costly, and can also render IP effectively worthless and block innovation in the short to medium term. We propose that the tragedy is borne out of the interaction between enterprise characteristics, a competitive setting and the framework that is set by the policy intervention. This finding is pertinent to policy-makers with regard to the design of research, development and innovation instruments, as well as managers who must determine how to implement open practices in innovation.     

环境规制对我国区域技术创新差异性的影响——基于省级面板数据的分析

利用1999—2008年中国内地30个省(直辖市)的面板数据,对环境规制与区域技术创新能力关系进行实证研究。结果表明,环境规制对发明专利授予数和实用新型专利授予数有显著的正向影响,而对外观设计授予数影响不显著,并对发明专利授予数和实用新型专利授予数具有显著滞后期,同时对技术创新影响还具有明显的区域差异性。针对研究结果,分析了环境规制通过技术创新影响区域差异性的原因,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

Patent assertion entities: do they impede innovation and technology commercialisation?

This article focuses on addressing a primary charge levelled against patent assertion entities (PAEs): that they impede innovation and technology commercialisation activities of US firms. The paper utilises an intellectual property (IP) strategy framework within the construct of a firm business model to delineate PAE typologies, and then evaluates how they ‘fit’ with either a framework for the protection of IP assets or the exploitation of IP assets. The PAE business model operates under neither an IP asset protection nor IP asset exploitation strategy, but its own IP monetisation strategy. Moreover, a review of recent research on the proliferation and economic impact of PAEs is undertaken, with the overwhelming empirical evidence showing that PAEs are having an adverse impact on innovation and technology commercialisation activities of US firms. Potential patent policy reforms and emerging marketplace options are identified for enhancing a business environment conducive to successful technology innovation and commercialisation.     

Regional innovation environment and innovation efficiency: the Chinese case

The main goal of this paper is to analyse the connotation of ‘regional innovation environment’ and explore the relationships between the regional innovation environmental components and innovation efficiency (IE). Three regional environmental factors were extracted, namely, economic infrastructure (EI), the quality and structure of innovators (QSI) and regional openness (RO). The relationships between the regional innovation environmental components and innovation efficiency present a chain structure as RO–EI–QSI–IE. Only the QSI component affects IE directly, and all of the effects are positive. Based on these results, the characteristics of Chinese regional innovation systems were analysed, and the implications on science & technology policy were discussed.     

The dynamic evolution and technological diffusion in Taiwan's TFT-LCD industrial cluster: a network perspective

Industrial clusters evolve dynamically as the external environment changes. To better understand the nature of cluster evolution, which has nurtured economic growth in early 2000s, strategy and organisation scholars have attempted to unpack contributors to cluster evolution from the perspective of the ‘environmental uncertainty’ and ‘resource abundance’ effects. The paper adopts and extend an earlier extant model through empirical testing of the thin-film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) industrial cluster in Taiwan, a developing country. This study modifies the extant network model by adding a diffusion of technological innovation index to cluster evolving. Using the extended case study, the study examines the dynamic evolutionary process in the TFT-LCD industrial cluster. It was found that the evolution of the TFT-LCD industrial cluster resembles the theoretical argument in some respects. The characteristics of network change are modified according to these results. Implication for policymakers and decision-makers of developing countries are also discussed.     

Command-and-control revisited: Environmental compliance and technological change in Swedish industry 1970–1990

This paper addresses the issue of environmental policy instrument choice for achieving deep emission reductions in the industrial sector. Specifically, it provides: (a) a theoretical and empirical review of the conditions under which performance standards can provide efficient incentives for deep emission reductions and technology adoption; and (b) an analysis of the design and the outcomes of the standards-based regulation of industrial pollutants in Sweden during the period 1970–1990. Our empirical findings suggest that the Swedish regulatory approach comprised many key elements of an efficient policy-induced transition towards radically lower emissions in the metal smelting and pulp and paper industries. The regulation relied solely on performance standards, thus granting flexibility to firms in terms of selecting the appropriate compliance measures. These standards were implemented in combination with extended compliance periods. R&D projects and the new knowledge that was advanced incrementally in interaction between the company, the environmental authorities and research institutions provided a direct catalyst to the regulatory process. In these ways the Swedish regulatory approach provided scope for creative solutions, environmental innovation, and permitted the affected companies to coordinate pollution abatement measures with productive investments.     

环境规制工具与环境友好型技术创新：知识产权保护的双门槛效应

环境规制对技术创新的影响是当前学术界研究热点,已有大量基于“波特假说”的实证研究。然而，对于环境规制工具是否以及如何影响环境友好型技术创新，学术界尚未达成共识。而且，从理论上讲，“波特弱假说”涉及双重外部性问题，即技术创新的正外部性和环境污染的负外部性，需要环境规制和知识产权保护合力解决，而知识产权保护未引起普遍重视。采用中国内地30个省、市（区）2004－2019年面板数据，构建基于知识产权保护强度的动态门槛模型，实证检验知识产权保护在环境规制工具影响环境友好型技术创新中的作用机理。研究发现：3类环境规制工具对环境友好型技术创新的影响存在以知识产权保护强度为门槛的双重门槛效应。具体而言，市场激励型环境规制工具随着知识产权保护强度跨过第一门槛值呈现由负向抑制到正向促进的阶段性突变趋势；命令控制型环境规制工具随着知识产权保护强度跨过第二门槛值呈现由正向促进到负向抑制的阶段性突变趋势；公众参与型环境规制工具在知识产权保护强度介于两个门槛值之间时，对环境友好型技术创新的促进效应显著。     

Growing China’s renewables sector: a developmental state approach

Over the last decade China expanded its renewable energy sector with unprecedented speed. This success story presents a challenge to Western modes of environmental governance, where stakeholder participation is often deemed a necessary pre-condition for effective policy outcomes. Drawing on new research (including previously unpublished interview data), the article first discusses established modes of environmental governance before examining the growth of China’s renewables sector through the theoretical lens of the ‘developmental state’. The article then analyses renewable energy policy design and implementation in China, illustrating how top-down command and control strategies have successfully diffused renewable energy technology from a standing start. We argue that (1) China’s distinct approach to the sector differs from Western modes of environmental governance and (2) this has revealed a new path towards renewable energy diffusion that authoritarian states in particular might regard as an attractive alternative to participatory models.     

What money buys: clients of street sex workers in the US

The article presents a review of current theoretical and empirical approaches to sex work, followed by the presentation of an original theoretical framework (Della Giusta et al., 2006), which is tested with an econometric model of the characteristics of demand for sex services by a sample of clients of street sex workers in the US. We present findings in relation to stigma and the relationship between paid and unpaid sex that corroborate our model's hypotheses and are in line with findings from other empirical studies. Furthermore, we identify in our sample two diametrically opposite profiles: one for clients whom we label ‘experimenters’, and one for more experienced ones that we name ‘regulars’, we also estimate attitudes toward risk, and draw implications in terms of both policy and future theoretical and empirical research.     

Exploration or exploitation of knowledge from universities: does it make a difference?

In the first step, based on the existing theoretical and empirical literature, we develop a series of hypotheses with respect to the relative importance of possible determinants of exploration and exploitation of knowledge in collaboration with universities and test them on Swiss firm data. In the second step, we investigate the impact on innovation performance of knowledge exploration versus knowledge exploitation. We obtain a clear pattern of the differences between firms that are engaged both in exploitative and explorative activities (‘exploration’-oriented firms) and purely ‘exploitation’-oriented firms. We find that exploration-oriented firms have a greater knowledge absorptive capacity, are technologically more diverse and are strongly exposed to intensive non-price competition compared with exploitation-oriented firms. We further find a positive effect on innovation performance for exploitation-oriented firms but not for those that were exploration oriented.