林业产业管理的新动态:林业绿色供应链

将绿色供应链中的绿色制造拓展到林业资源培育等环节,研究林业产业多目标管理的新动态——林业绿色供应链问题。在对一般绿色供应链的基本思想和发展动态进行系统梳理的基础上,研究了林业绿色供应链的内涵、特性、理论基础和研究动态,并探讨了其应用领域的相关问题。通过这些研究,提出了林业绿色供应链管理的思想,指出其核心问题是林业资源链、价值链和生态链的协同共生,即绿色共生问题;勾勒出林业绿色供应链的理论基础——绿色共生理论的基本内涵;并以林-浆-纸产业链为例,对林业绿色供应链共生系统的结构和共生模式研究提出了建议。同时指出了林业产业可持续发展发展的新途径,为林业绿色供应链的研究提供了建设性思路。     

具有双向生态性的林浆纸供应链风险识别及防范对策研究

在分析林浆纸供应链双向生态性的基础上,系统识别林浆纸供应链的风险并提出防范对策。从自然风险、人为风险、市场风险、管理风险、政策性风险等方面识别了林业企业面临的风险;从供应风险、市场风险、政策风险、生产风险等方面识别了制浆造纸企业面临的风险;从物流、资金流和信息流角度分析了林浆纸供应链的系统风险。在风险识别的基础上,从微观和宏观两方面提出了相应的林浆纸供应链风险防范策略。     

基于AHP和改进Shapley值法的林浆纸供应链收益调节研究

林浆纸供应链上各节点企业承担风险差异较大,传统基于贡献率的收益分配方式存在明显的局限性。借助AHP法对林浆纸三级供应链的营林企业、造纸企业和分销企业的风险值权重进行测算。在此基础上,提出了按照风险实际承担大小,运用修正Shapley值法对其收益结构进行调节,更公平地将林浆纸供应链分配实践。     

林纸一体化:我国林纸结合的发展方向

回顾了我国林纸结合的艰难历程,阐述了林纸一体化的理论基础,认为林纸一体化是我国林纸结合的发展方向。市场交易内部化、降低交易成本是企业追求林纸一体化的基本动力;实现林纸一体化,是解决投资人工培育森林难获得社会平均利润问题的重要途径。我国林纸结合的主要形式有林纸契约合作、林纸股份合作、林纸一体化三种。建议国家尽快出台森林资源流转办法,促进林纸一体化。     

基于共生视角的农业产业化联合体培育策略探究

农业产业化联合体依托内部成员的分工与合作，契合了乡村振兴背景下构建现代农业产业体系的现实要求，逐渐演化为助推农业产业升级和农村发展的有效载体。然而，在组织创新的同时，也出现了忽视联结小农户、合作关系不对等等诸多问题，导致组织进化面临着成员分化的风险。因此，为了促进联合体沿着合理的方向持续发展，需要对共生单元、共生模式和共生环境等三个变量进行优化。     

林纸一体化理论支撑体系的研究

本文从林纸一体化的内部优势理论、外部优势理论和组合方式理论三个方面构筑了林纸一体化的理论支撑体系。其中从交易成本、资产专用性、双重加价、最优产量决策等方面研究了林、纸企业内部的一体化动机;通过研究林纸一体化的风险规避和产业竞争力,阐明了林、纸企业外部的一体化动因;从林纸企业的资产重组、产业融合、产业集群与网络化组织角度阐明了林纸一体化的组合机理。     

乳制品供应链合作风险研究

集成化供应链管理环境下,供应链合作关系是在一定时期内的共享信息、共担风险、共同获利的战略合作关系,合作伙伴关系强调的是合作,合作才能双赢,运行中必然存在各种风险因素.供应链的合作风险是指影响合作伙伴不合作而给整个供应链带来的风险.因此本文从风险管理者的角度分析供应链合作关系中的风险因素,试图探究如何减少其发生的可能性,促使合作更加牢靠,并采取相应的规避措施.     

“中道思维”与和谐共生:农业科技企业技术创新管理模式研究

本文借用易经中道思维的管理内涵,以及生物界种群之间信息传递、物质交流、能量传导及合作的共生关系,研究了企业技术创新合作与共生系统各要素之间的耦合和相互作用所形成的运行模式,详细分析了在企业技术创新合作过程中具有明显共生特征的互惠共生型、资源共享型、协同竞争型、区域网络型共生的管理模式,并就此四种共生的管理模式以农业科技企业作为案例进行了进一步的探讨。     

"共生型"农产品价值链构建与农业产业化经营的内在关系研究——广东燕塘乳业有限公司经营模式探讨

本文首先对农业产业链、农业产业化经营、供应链等概念进行了厘清,在此基础上引出共生型价值链的概念,并对共生型价值链实现价值增值和价值分享的运作机理和构建模式进行了说明.在理论分析的基础上,对燕塘乳业、光明乳业、伊利乳业的运作模式进行了比较、分析,指出并强调了广东燕塘乳业共生型价值链构建中专业化、社会化的要求和趋势.     

基于AHP和熵权法的林浆纸供应链风险评估

针对林浆纸供应链的风险问题,建立基于林业企业节点风险、制浆造纸企业节点风险和林浆纸供应链资源流风险的风险评估体系,并运用层次分析法和熵权法计算出各风险指标的权重。计算结果表明,林业企业节点风险中市场风险和政策性风险最大,制浆造纸企业节点风险中原材料供应不足风险和市场风险最大,林浆纸供应链资源流风险中资金流风险和信息流风险最大,可以为管理者制定风险防范措施提供依据,重点监控影响较大的风险因素,从而实现供应链安全稳定运作。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.