一个HIV病毒感染时滞模型的动力学性质

本文构造了HIV病毒感染数学模型,分析并论证了CD4+T细胞感染HIV病毒模型的动力学性质.文章首先介绍了不带有时滞的ODE模型,然后再考虑离散的时间滞后因素,构造一个新的模型—DDE模型,研究了时间滞后因素对感染平衡点稳定性的影响.得到了该模型稳定的充分条件.     

重庆市无偿献血人群中HIV感染者的流行病学特征分析

目的 了解重庆市无偿献血者HIV感染的特征,以降低输血传播HIV的风险.方法　收集和整理重庆市2008、2009年无偿献血者中的HIV感染者和重庆市CDC报告的HIV感染者基本信息,分析其感染特征,包括性别、年龄和感染途径.结果 重庆市2008、2009年无偿献血人群的HIV感染率分别为55.8/10万(51/91 399)和72.1/10万(72/108 205),高于全市估算的HIV感染率25.6/10万和37.0/10万,无偿献血人群的HIV感染者以18～29岁的年轻人为主,占65.89％,其他年龄段的比例分别为30 ～39岁占23.26％,40～49岁占7.75％,≥50岁占3.10％.感染途径以男-男性传播方式为最,占50％,异性性传播的比例为47.06％,静脉吸毒传播占2.94％.结论 应结合本地区无偿献血人群中HIV感染者的特征,有针对性地加强无偿献血者献血前的咨询和对高危人群的甄别排查,从而确保血液的安全性.     

我们永不放弃——致HIV感染者的一封信

朋交们: 你们好！ 当意识到自己是HIV感染者中的一员时,心里那份悲伤和无奈,我和大家一样熟悉。以往我也对“艾滋病”这个字眼,有模糊而随众的恐惧,当看到“HIV呈阳性”的检测单时,我怎么也不能相信我会感染上这种病毒,整个人处在一种无处可逃的恐惶中,眼前的世界陡然变脸,大脑里杂乱而茫然,想的都是电视上见过的患者令人恐怖的症状、周围人群害怕的排斥的目光、     

起出阴霾——一位HIV感染者的心路历程

当省疾病预防控制中心来电话让我去一趟．说我的血液出了点问题．需要进一步进行确认时．我已经基本上知道自己得了什么病。2003年3月，我最后次在河南郑州作了免疫系统检测，我被“终审判决“为HIV阳性。我绝望了，还有没有前途？我不断地问着自己……     

The effect of HIV on health care in sub‐Saharan Africa

This article is concerned with the hitherto neglected area of the effect of HIV on the delivery of health care in sub‐Saharan Africa. The task is hampered by a lack of usable data. In most countries there have been no sentinel HIV surveys, so we have no clear idea of the magnitude of the epidemic. However, it is certain that HIV will alter the demand for health care, and the supply and quality of services.

Demand will grow as infected adults and children seek care. Most HIV‐related illness is found in people who would not normally require care, and therefore creates additional demand. Demand for care will also be determined by the availability and accessibility of services. Ironically, the middle‐income countries may face higher bills, and in this sense the effect of the HIV epidemic may be worse in the more developed world.

The supply of services will be affected by increased morbidity and mortality among health care workers. This is already happening. The generous terms and conditions of service that most governments offer to workers in the public sector will make the problem worse.

HIV has served to improve the quality of health care in most of the developed world. Patients have sought to take control over their own care, and staff have been more rigorous in taking universal precautions. But in developing countries external aid often determines how health care is organised, and money spent on AIDS is diverted from other areas. This may also be true of local funding.

The effect of HIV on health care is lamentably under‐researched. This is particularly worrying as the effects of HIV will be felt first by the health care sector. The problem must be confronted urgently from the point of view of the suppliers of health care services, the users, and the policy‐makers.     

Throwing Foreign Aid at HIV/AIDS in Developing Countries: Missing the Target?

We assess empirically whether foreign official development assistance (ODA) has been effective in alleviating HIV/AIDS epidemics, which figures prominently among the Millennium Development Goals. We employ a difference-in-difference-in-differences approach to identify the treatment effect of ODA specifically meant to fight sexually transmitted diseases on HIV/AIDS-related outcome variables. We do not find that ODA has prevented new infections. The results regarding the medical care of infected people are mixed: evidence on significant treatment effects on AIDS-related deaths exists for the major bilateral source of ODA, the United States, in sharp contrast to ODA from multilateral organizations.     

毒品过境地区HIV感染者调查结果分析——基于云南省L市的实地调研

文章通过问卷调查和个案访谈的方法了解毒品过境地区HIV感染者对相关知识和政策的了解及受益情况,以及其对相关公共产品和服务的需求状况,进而针对该地区艾滋病疫情特征及其存在的问题提出应对建议.     

WHO DEVELOPS INNOVATIONS IN MEDICINE FOR THE POOR? TRENDS IN PATENT APPLICATIONS RELATED TO MEDICINES FOR HIV/AIDS,TUBERCULOSIS, MALARIA,AND NEGLECTED DISEASES

This paper analyzes patent data of medicines and vaccines for diseases spreading in low‐income countries. The data were retrieved from a database of the Japan Patent Office. Who invents medicines for the poor of the world? This is the main question that the paper addresses. Results indicate that not only public institutions but also private firms have played an important role in developing innovations for fighting both global diseases such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, and so‐called neglected diseases including malaria, which seem to spread almost exclusively in low‐income countries. Moreover, the basic mechanism of innovation is similar between the development of medicines for HIV/AIDS and those for neglected diseases. Finally, among firms, infectious disease fighting innovations are quite diverse. R&D stock and economies of scope are used to explain frequent patent applications by a high‐performing pharmaceutical firm.