Returns to scale and factor substitutability in the Spanish industry

Zusammenfassung Skalenertr?ge und M?glichkeiten der Faktorsubstitution in der spanischen Industrie.— Mit diesem Beitrag wird versucht, eine wichtige Infonnationslücke hinsichtlich der Produktionsbedingungen in der verarbeitenden Industrie Spaniens schlie\en zu helfen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden Cobb-Douglas- und CES-Funktionen für 20 Branchen mit Hilfe von Querschnittsregressionen für das Jahr 1968 gesch?tzt. Angesichts der v?llig unzureichenden Industriestatistiken in Spanien mu\ten die ben?tigten Daten von Unternehmern direkt erfragt werden. Die erzielten Ergebnisse zeigen (1) da\ sich die relative Bedeutung von zunehmenden, konstanten und abnehmenden Skalenertr?gen ziemlich die Waage h?lt und (2) da\ die Substitutionselastizit?ten zwischen Arbeit und Kapital für die Mehrheit der Branchen recht hoch zu sein scheinen. Da nur sehr einfache Modelle angewandt wurden und Verzerrungen in den Sch?tzergebnissen m?glich sind, k?nnen die numerischen Werte, vorl?ufig, nichts mehr als Orientierungshilfen für die Anwendung einer exportorientierten Industrialisierungsstrategie sein.

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Résumé Rendements d’échelle et possibilités de substitution des facteurs de production dans l’industrie espagnole.— Cet article veut aider à remplir une lacune importante dans l’information disponible sur les conditions de production dans l’industrie espagnole de transformation. A cet effet, on a estimé — à l’aide de régressions transversales — les fonctions Cobb-Douglas et CES pour vingt branches industrielles en 1968. Vu l’insuffisance absolue des statistiques industrielles pour l’Espagne, il fallait demander les données nécessaires directement aux entrepreneurs. Les résultats obtenus démontrent (1) que l’importance relative des rendements d’échelle augmentants, constants et diminuants est assez équilibrée et (2) que les élases ticitde substitution entre la main-d’∄uvre et le capital paraissent être relativement hautes pour la majorité des branches. Puisqu’on n’a employé que des modèles très simples, et puisqu’il peut y avoir des inexactitudes dans les résultats d’estimation, les valeurs numériques ne peuvent, en attendant, représenter que des points d’orientation pour l’élaboration d’une stratégie d’industrialisation, qui vise l’exportation.

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Resumen Rendimientos de escala y grado de substituibilidad de los factores de productión en la industria espa?ola.— El objetivo de este estudio es contribuir al mejoramiento de la información sobre las relaciones de producción existentes en la industria manufacturera espa?ola. Para ello se estimaron, mediante regressiones de corte transversal para el a?o 1968, funciones de productión del tipo CobbDouglas y CES para 20 sectores. En vista del estado deficiente de las estadísticas industriales en Espa?a, tuvieron que utilizarse datos facilitados directamente por empresas. Los resultados obtenidos parecen indicar que (1) la importancia relativa de rendimientos de escala crecientes, constantes y decrecientes es bastante equilibrada y que (2) las elasticidades de sustitución entre los factores trabajo y capital son relativamente altas para la mayoría de los sectores. Debido a que se utilizaron modelos muy simples y a que no cabe descartar la posibilidad de sesgos en las estimaciones, los valores numéricos no pueden, de momento, ser más que puntos de orientatión para la elaboratión de una estrategia de industrializatión hacia afuera.

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Riassunto Rendimenti di scala e possibilità della sostituzione di fattori nell’industria spagnola.— In questo articolo si cerca di contribuire a colmare una lacuna di informazione riguardante le condizioni di produzione nell’industria manifatturiera spagnola. Per questo scopo funzioni Cobb-Douglas e CES furono valutate per 20 settori con l’aiuto di regressioni trasversali per l’anno 1968. In vista delle statistiche industriali del tutto insufficienti in Spagna, i dati occorrenti furono direttamente richiesti agli impresari. I risultati ottenuti mostrano (1) che l’importanza relativa di rendimenti di scala crescente, costante e decrescente è abbastanza equilibrata e (2) che le elasticità di sostituzione tra lavoro e capitale sembrano essere relativamente alte per la maggioranza dei settori. Dal momento che furono utilizzati soltanto modelli assai semplici e deformazioni nei risultati valutati sono possibili, i valori numerici non possono essere più punti di orientamento per l’impiego di una strategia d’industrializzazione orientata verso l’esportazione.

     

文化产业与软件产业融合模式的研究

随着科学技术的不断发展,文化产业与软件产业的融合不断显现化,本文对我国28个省市的文化产业与软件产业的发展状况进行统计,运用赫芬达尔指数,测算文化产业与软件产业的融合程度,并在此基础上得出文化产业与软件产业的四大融合模式:简单耦合模式、文化先行模式、科技引领模式和互助共赢模式。     

产城融合研究述评

随着改革开放的实施,全国涌现了许多新城,随之而来出现了新城产业和城市融合的问题,产城融合正日益成为学术界和各级政府研究的重点。为了加深对产城融合相关内容的理解,在归纳和分析相关研究成果的基础上,指出现有研究的不足,并提出未来的研究方向。     

科技服务业和制造业的融合发展研究

当前经济服务化和科技服务业的迅猛发展,科技服务业引领制造业升级趋势彰显,而制造业的发展为科技服务业的发展提供了机会和空间,所以厘清科技服务业和制造业之间的关系,分析科技服务业和制造业的现状,探讨科技服务业与制造业的融合发展,具有很强的实践意义。文章对科技服务业和制造业的关系、现状及融合发展路径进行了研究,以期为科技服务业和制造业的发展提供理论基础。     

North American economic integration and industry location

Does regional economic integration affect the location of economicactivity inside countries? Discussed in this paper is recentacademic literature on whether the movement towards free tradein North America has influenced the spatial organization ofproduction in Canada, Mexico, or the United States. In Mexico,closer economic ties with the United States appear to have contributedto a contraction of employment in the Mexico City manufacturingbelt, a rapid expansion of manufacturing employment in northernMexico, and an increase in the wage premiums paid to skilledworkers. The effects of economic integration on industry locationin Canada and the United States seem to have been much weaker.One exception to this finding is US cities on the Mexican border,whose employment growth is strongly positively correlated withexport production in neighbouring Mexican regions. The implicationof a possible hemispheric free-trade agreement are also discussed.     

产业融合背景下我国期刊出版产业链整合研究

产业融合已成为当今各行业发展的主流,我国传统的期刊出版产业链在产业融合的大背景下逐渐丧失优势,面临产业链整合的挑战。本文将从产业融合和产业链的整合概念出发,对我国期刊出版产业进行深入分析,研究产业融合的大背景对期刊出版的影响,给出整合产业链的建议,使期刊出版行业能够在新背景下蓬勃发展。     

建设海峡西岸产业聚集新高地

2004年年初,福建省委、省政府提出建设对外开放、协调发展、全面繁荣的海峡西岸经济区后,福州市迅速掀起“建设海峡西岸经济区、做大做强省会中心城市”大调研、大讨论活动。这是开发区战略升级和新一轮发展的极好机遇,对福州开发区未来的发展必将产生重大而深远的影响。一、建     

深圳宝安工业园区的整合与改造

“十一五”期间,深圳宝安工业园区的整合改造关系到其推动产业集群战略和未来的可持续发展。本论文从工业园区与企业积聚、产业集群的特征进行分析,阐述了深圳宝安工业园区整合改造的基本思路,并提出工业园区整合企业资源、提高土地集约、结合深圳城中村改造、对工业园区进行分类整合改造等基本对策。     

Explaining the ‘take‐off’ of the Catalan cotton industry1

Cotton was central to Catalan industrialization and, within cotton, progress in spinning and weaving, originating in the late eighteenth century, provided the cutting edge in the industry's modernization. This article tests the current orthodoxy concerning the timing and causes of this breakthrough. It does so by first evaluating what were external influences on the success‐government policy, the elasticity of supply of spun yarn (a potential disincentive) and of raw cotton‐and then providing an analytical narrative of the advance first in hand and then mechanical spinning. On this basis a conclusion is reached that government policy was more advantageous to the development than posited in the current orthodoxy, that elasticity in the supply of spun yarn slowed the transition and that, though growing availability of American cotton eased the transition, the key to the development is to be found within the Catalan economy, experiencing a 'Smithian'‐type growth process in the eighteenth century, within which industrialization of cotton was nearly the last achievement before Spain's severe 'old régime crisis' curtailed economic opportunity.     

Cointegration and the PPP and the UIP hypotheses: An application to the Spanish integration in the EC

The aim of this paper is to find some empirical evidence on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and Uncovered Interest Parity (UIP) in the Spanish case vis à vis the European Community for the period 1980–89. The main contribution of the paper is the aggregation of the variables corresponding to the countries that participate in the exchange rate mechanism of the European Monetary System. The results support the importance of the interest differential as an explanatory variable for the short-term adjustment to the PPP. The results follow from powerful estimation techniques, applied in the framework of a multivariate error-correction model using the maximum-likelihood procedure as developed by Johansen and Juselius (1992).     

U-shaped relationship between vertical integration and competition: Theory and evidence

This paper considers how competition can affect aggregate innovative activity through its effects on firms' decision whether or not to vertically integrate. A moderate increase in competition enhances innovation incentives and too much competition discourages innovative effort. These effects generate an inverted-U relationship between competition and innovation and between competition and the incentive to vertically integrate. Preliminary evidence finds that there is a nonlinear relationship between competition and the propensity of firms to vertically integrate. These results seem to be more consistent with the Property Right Theory of vertical integration than with the Transaction Cost Economics approach.     

试论宜昌旅游业和农业的互动与整合

旅游业是一个具有高度综合性和关联性的复合型产业，能带动第三产业和整个国民经济的发展。宜昌市位于长江三峡地区，旅游业和城市建设发展迅速，目前正在朝着创建“世界水电旅游名城”的宏伟目标大踏步迈进。要想实现宜昌建设成为“世界水电旅游名城”的宏伟蓝图，就必须持“大旅游”的观念，积极进行旅游业与相关产业的互动与整合。通过一、三产业的有机结合，建立起两大产业间的以农业促进旅游、     

与东盟经济互动中,泛珠三角产业战略探讨

泛珠三角区域合作全面启动,标志着新契机的出现。本文通过探讨泛珠三角区域蕴涵的经济能量,回顾东盟与泛珠三角区域对外经济互动的历程,结合东盟与泛珠三角区域对外经济互动面临的机遇和空间,探讨泛珠产业国际化战略。     

Replacement of flax by cotton in the domestic textile industry of south-west Finland

Abstract

In Finland Proper, economically by far the most advanced province of Finland, domestic weaving, at least from the sixteenth century onwards, was carried on on a scale sufficient to produce a surplus for sale. The main products were linens and coarse, strong woollen cloth, though from the seventeenth century onwards, woollen and linen stockings also became important. Domestic weaving, as a subsidiary occupation, did not produce much linen cloth for sale in the seventeenth century, but the same century saw the rise on a large scale of professional linen weaving in the city of Turku (Abo), from whence considerable quantities were exported to Sweden, primarily to Stockholm. ¹ Finland was a part of the Swedish Kingdom until 1809 and thereafter a part of the Russian Empire until 1917 The gild of linen weavers in Turku steadily increased in strength until about the 1750s, after which date the number of masters and workers began to decrease rapidly despite the fact that Swedish tariff policy protected native cloth manufacture against foreign imports.² The decline of professional linen weaving was due to the increase in rural domestic industry in both Sweden and Finland. Linen weaving in Turku suffered particularly from the rapid increase in the production of fine linen in the Swedish province of Ångermanland,³ though the growth of rural weaving in Finland Proper also played a part. Rural weavers, of course, failed to achieve the technical proficiency of the best professional weavers in Turku, but they came close enough to be dangerous competitors. The urban weavers derived their livelihood solely from weaving, while the rural weavers exercised their craft in the intervals of farming work, principally in winter time, and were more able to content themselves with lower earnings from a subsidiary occupation than were the urban weavers. The result was that the Turku gild of weavers disappeared entirely during the early decades of the nineteenth century, while linen weaving in the neighbouring rural districts remained fairly vigorous.     

我国装备制造业产业链整合模式及路径研究

装备制造业作为战略性产业,是我国综合国力的体现,在新的竞争环境下如何提升其产业链合力,对于发挥其产业功能尤为关键。本文通过对装备制造业产业链整合内涵的界定,在分析装备制造业产业特征的基础上,系统剖析了其产业链的网络整合模式,并从价值形成、价值实现和价值优化三个层面对产业链整合的路径进行了探讨。