Biotechnology as a Technological Paradigm in the Global Knowledge Structure

The aim of this study is to analyse whether the receipt of public R&D funding determines firm's R&D strategy selection. This issue is crucial, as previous studies have shown that each R&D strategy is associated to a higher, or lower, innovation performance. We consider three R&D strategies – make, buy, make–buy – and three different sources of public funding – regional, state and other (such as EU). The model estimation is performed through a multinomial logit model with random effects with a sample of 457 large firms for the period 1992–2005, taken from the Spanish Survey of Business Strategies. The main finding is that the source of the funding influences whether firms select the make, buy or make–buy strategy. Additionally, because of the panel structure of the sample, we observe that the effect of public funding on the R&D strategy selection lasts longer for state and regional funds than for other funds.     

Technological Entrepreneurship and Capability Building in Biotechnology

The question addressed in this paper is whether and how intermediate developed countries (IDCs) can profit from the possibilities opened by globalisation to set off processes of capability building in advanced technological sectors. While most debates have taken place in the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) field, the paper addresses the case of biotechnology. It is argued that, given the specific characteristics of biotechnology, opportunities may emerge for technology-intensive entrepreneurial initiatives in countries that have developed a reasonable science base and built the capacity to connect to and plug into international biotechnology networks. The exploitation of these opportunities requires strategies that combine good indigenous scientific competences and a pool of skilled human resources, with transnational linkages, and that rely on firms' abilities to find a position in globally coordinated 'knowledge value chains'. The paper conducts a first assessment of the viability of this approach, drawing on empirical research on 'distant networking strategies' adopted by Portuguese new biotechnology firms.     

Biotechnology Development in Spain: A Change of Paradigm?

This article presents a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the Spanish biotechnology sector, including its scientific, business, policy and social aspects. The study differentiates two sub-sectors, considered to be the most representative: Biopharma and Agro-food. The results show that biotechnology development in Spain has entered a new phase. Traditionally, research and development in Spain followed an unstructured path built around regional spaces and driven by factors and influences external to Spain. However, the emergence of a fast-growing sector of spin-off companies from the public research system, specifically in the Biopharma sector, points to a change of model of development of the industry, on the national as well as the regional level. The data also show the key role which public policy plays in creating a suitable framework for innovation and point to the need of analyzing the influence of social and cultural factors on the development of the biotechnology sector.     

The Gas Turbine: A New Technological Paradigm in Electricity Generation

The use of gas turbines in the electric industry of many countries has been increasing. Their demand now represents more than 50% of the world market of thermal power plants. In this article we test the paradigm concept to explain the technological change that represents the gas turbine in electricity generation. We also discuss the limits and problems of this concept to understand the technological change in the power industry. Finally, we propose possibilities to extend this concept to make it more operational in a real problem of technological change.     

Knowledge as a Path-Dependence Process

By following a new approach proposed by Cognitive and Neuroeconomics, this paper presents and extends that part of Hayek's theory concerning knowledge in path-dependent terms, and shows that this is a fertile theory, opening new lines of inquiry for contemporary economics. In his theory of knowledge Hayek shows that the dynamics of economic change is path-dependent, in a different and more profound way than in the rest of the path-dependent literature. This literature deals with an important controversy, which will be also discussed and its specific and original meaning will be highlighted. As it will emerge, knowledge as a path-dependent process is consistent with cognitive theories of perception and learning and it plays a more important role than is traditionally assumed. Path-dependence is in fact always present in the cognitive dimension of perception and in individual decision-making processes, as well as in the processes of organizational innovation, and even in the macro-dimension of institutional change. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

信贷危机和经济衰退:一种范式检验

本文致力于探讨我们可以从此次信贷危机和经济衰退中学到哪些经验教训,试图探究究竟是主流经济学范式中的哪些因素引致许多经济学家在这些年如此显而易见地对经济情况判断错误,以至于导致2007年信贷危机和2008-2009年经济衰退。本文将对12位曾经就本次危机发出预告的经济学家的工作进行审视,并且识别出金融资产、债务、资金流量与不确定性行为假设、有限理性和非最优化行为这些存在于他们思想中的共同因素。然后将这些因素同主流的思想进行对比。由此得出结论:经济学如果欲同现实相关,就不应该继续忽视货币、财富和债务,并且应当由个人主义的经济观向系统性的经济观转向。     

Knowledge as Work: Conflicts in the Management of Knowledge Workers

Against the backdrop of increasing interest in knowledge management and intellectual capital, this paper analyzes the emergence and management of knowledge worker groups. It suggests that knowledge work is a useful way of characterizing some important changes in the nature of work across a range of different occupational and professional groups. These changes have important implications for management and organizational performance. The paper discusses these implications through a conflictbased analysis which highlights the inherent conflict between 'knowing' as part of the work experience and 'knowledge' as an economic commodity. This conflict is expressed at both institutional and organizational levels. The management of knowledge workers therefore centres on the quasi-resolution of such conflict. As the illustrative example of the Microsoft Corporation indicates, competitive success depends very largely on the precarious ability to reconcile this conflict between the social production of knowledge and the economic appropriation of profit.     

以知识管理新范式提升我国装备制造业竞争力研究

在知识经济与创新生态系统的双重作用下催生了知识管理新范式,它对中国制造2025战略的有效实施及装备制造业竞争力的提升具有重要的推动作用。目前,我国装备制造业大而不强,有必要通过加强知识管理提升竞争力。但我国装备制造业实施知识管理存在隐性知识不易传播、知识管理评估困难、缺乏协同效应、未正确认识互联网与装备制造业融合发展的关系等问题。应采取完善动力机制,重视隐性知识,弘扬工匠精神;对企业实施分布式知识管理模式;建立共享知识库,完善政产学研用知识管理体系;综合使用数字和模拟技术,重视以人为本的知识管理等措施提升装备制造业竞争力。     

中国消费者品牌知识结构图及其营销管理内涵

品牌知识是消费者视角的品牌资产的核心要素.本文在回顾国际上品牌知识研究成果之后,指出建构、描绘中国消费者品牌知识存在的挑战性和价值.本研究在京、沪、穗三地实施消费者焦点组访谈,对访谈材料(文字及声像)进行内容分析,描绘出中国消费者的品牌知识结构图.本文发现,中国消费者偏重于从品质(尤其是"安全性")、公司、来源地、社会形象或"面子"等信息节点构筑品牌联想;倾向于从电视广告、新闻报道、轰动性营销事件等渠道去熟悉品牌.本研究将品牌权威Keller的品牌知识模型在中国具体化和部分修正,推动了品牌知识理论发展.论文对中国市场的品牌经营提出了建立严把品质关、重点投资公司品牌与公司"背书"、建设品牌美誉度等营销战略.论文提出了值得进一步实证研究的方向.     

Global Value Chains in the Era of 4IR: New Paradigm of Business Models for SMEs

This paper presents a brief literature review of previous studies methodologies,models,and contexts in studying firms’upgrading in Global Value Chains(GVCs).The...     

Austrian Economics as a Progressive Paradigm: Explaining More Complex Economic Phenomena

This article examines two major issues of Austrian economics. The first is the alleged superiority of Austrian over neoclassical economics. The second is the capacity of Austrian economics to support new theoretical research. The analysis shows that Austrian economics has the widest domain of validity for explaining economic phenomena. It is also shown that Austrian economics has a progressive theoretical character due to the fact that there exist a number of analytical phenomena that Austrian economics cannot explain in its present state but that may be explained by means of a leap with continuity from Austrian anthropological presuppositions.     

企业技术创新中隐性知识分享的探讨

在经济全球化发展的今天,技术创新成为企业获取竞争优势和持续发展的根本途径。技术创新作为典型的知识性活动,在技术创新过程中的知识分享特别是隐性知识的分享,成为企业技术创新能力提升和积淀保证。文章根据隐性知识的特性和知识分享过程的影响因素进行了探讨,并由此提出了建立分享机制的具体措施。     

Ownership Structure and Technological Upgrading in International Joint Ventures

In a model of a joint venture between a local and a foreign firm who provide complementary inputs, this paper derives optimal ownership structures under different sharing rules. The local firm's profits may be maximized by assigning a majority share to the foreign firm. Efficiency (i.e., the minimization of double moral hazard) requires that the firm with the more productive input should get majority ownership. When only the foreign firm can upgrade its input, it should receive a larger share than what it receives in the absence of upgrading. The analysis implies that a blanket policy of prohibiting majority foreign ownership is theoretically unfounded.     

Study on the Interior Market Network Structure and Its Efficiency in a Knowledge Based Company

A knowledge based company is the microcosmic foundation of the knowledge economy, the design of its organization structure should amplify the company competence to be agile to the knowledge elements. This paper expounds an interior market network structure which is fit for the company intellectual capital operation, and analyses this organization pattern about the reasons of existence, the effectiveness of growing up in scale, the economies of knowledge distribution and the efficiency of operation, and it will provide some beneficial theoretical guidance about how can a company improve its competition competence in the knowledge environment through organization innovation.     

我国“知识失业”结构问题分析及对策研究

目前我国出现的知识失业现象已越来越严重,文章通过总结近年来的相关信息,对大学生失业现象产生的必然性和危害性从社会结构失衡的角度进行了深入分析,从而探索性地提出一些对策。     

高科技企业技术成果转化中的融资结构优化

高科技企业的技术成果转化需要不断融资,高科技企业不仅要考虑资金来源,而且还要考虑融资成本.文章分析了高科技企业技术成果转化过程的资金需求,考察了不同的转化阶段的融资渠道和方式,研究了如何优化融资结构,使融资成本最小化.     

客观认识全球产业结构调整中的平衡与不平衡——兼析美、日、中国际贸易地位的变迁规律

过去的一百多年世界经济经历了人类史上最大的、最深刻的发展和变迁,如上世纪的经济大萧条,布雷顿体系建立和崩溃,石油危机,日本的发展和衰退,美国股市的崩盘,亚洲"四小龙"的腾飞,新兴经济体的金融危机,中国和东南亚经济的大发展等.这一系列的重大变迁中既有经济衰退、金融动荡的危机,也有经济迅速发展的复兴;既有危机引发的重大制度变革与创新,又有产业结构大调整带来的经济依赖与相互制约,进而推动世界经济在平衡与不平衡的交替轮回中向前发展.事实上这种平衡与不平衡的交替轮回是经济发展的内在规律和资本运动使然,而且平衡是相对的、短暂的,基本平衡或不平衡是绝对的、结构性的、长期的.     

试析知识经济对产业结构升级的作用

知识经济以知识、技术的积累和有效利用为基础 ,对于实现产业结构升级具有重要作用 ,表现为 :它蕴含着高科技产业快速成长的机制 ;通过改变产业结构的技术、经济关系和市场环境 ,提高产业素质 ;通过促进产业的分化、重组 ,形成新的以知识、技术密集为特征的主导产业和基础产业。另外 ,知识经济还为改造传统产业提供了良好的条件。