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1.
Although most of us understand and accept that we play different roles in different settings, the moral implications of an
unquestioned role-based world are serious. The prevalence of roles at the expense of ‘real’ people in organizations jeopardizes
our ability to exercise full moral agency and ascribe moral responsibility, because ‘we were only fulfilling our role obligations’.
This reasoning does not sustain ethical scrutiny, however, because individuals are always present behind the role, though
they may lack awareness of their ability to choose and act as fully fledged individuals. The article argues that moral responsibility
requires us to move away from a role-based life game which leads us to compartmentalize and forget who we are and what we
value at a significant cost. On the contrary, an understanding of the process of compartmentalization and a greater awareness
of the complex yet holistic nature of the self contribute to furthering moral integrity and responsibility. 相似文献
2.
The astute manger should be aware that, in organizations, the deck is frequently ‘stacked’ against higher levels of ethical
behavior. This deck stacking occurs because of socialization processes, environmental influences, and the organization hierarchy.
As a result of bosses using hierarchical leverage to take the ethical dimension of decision-making away from subordinates,
the stage is set for a they-made-me-do-it defense of their moral integrity by these subordinates if and when violations of
ethical norms come to light. There is also at work, however, an I-made-them-do-it situation in which professionals who prefer
to ‘nest’ in the more technical aspects of their work ‘delegate’ — upward — to their bosses ethical decision-making. Understanding
these dynamics is crucial in an age which is especially sensitized to the ethical facet of organizational behavior.
He has taught at the University of Georgia since World War II, with the exception of a Rockefeller Foundation Year at the
Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, and two years with the Ford Foudation in Cairo, Egypt. He is the author
of four books on management and public policy — the co-author of a recent Principles of Management text — and he has written
many articles on economics and management in a wide variety of journals.
His most important publications are:Business and Society: Managing Corporate Social Performance (Little, Brown, Boston, 1981), ‘A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Social Performance’,Academy of Management Review (Oct., 1979), pp. 497–506, and ‘Business Ethics and the Management Hierarchy’,National Forum: The Phi Kappa Phi Journal (Summer, 1978), pp. 37–40. 相似文献
3.
Kate Macdonald 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,99(4):549-563
This article considers two prominent, competing approaches to defining the scope of business responsibility for human rights.
The first approach advocates extension of business responsibility beyond the boundaries of the enterprise to encompass broader
‘spheres of influence’. The second approach advocates a business ‘responsibility to respect’ human rights (but not a ‘positive’
duty to protect, promote or fulfil rights). Building on a critical evaluation of these competing accounts of business responsibility,
this article outlines a modified account, referred to as a framework of ‘spheres of responsibility’. On such an account, business
responsibility for human rights outcomes is conceptualised not only in relation to direct ‘harms’ imposed by business, but
also in relation to corporate influence over broader relationships and institutions that shape and constrain the substantive
realisation of human rights. 相似文献
4.
Theorists have long argued that a process of individualisation is inherent in conditions of late modernity. Whilst individualisation
has been acknowledged in the business ethics literature, studies have often overlooked the processes by which individuals
are given greater responsibility for ethical decision making and the personal and institutional effects of this responsibility.
This article develops a notion of ‘ethical individualisation’ to help one understand and explore how and why ethical responsibility
is being devolved to employees in the UK consulting industry. The article argues that an individualised ethics is incapable
of preventing malpractice in the face of institutional conflicts of interest. 相似文献
5.
Approaches to business ethics can be roughly divided into two streams: ‹codes of behavior’ and ‹forms of subjectification’,
with code-oriented approaches clearly dominating the field. Through an elaboration of poststructuralist approaches to moral
philosophy, this paper questions the emphasis on codes of behaviour and, thus, the conceptions of the moral and responsible
subject that are inherent in rule-based approaches. As a consequence of this critique, the concept of a practice-based ‹ethics
of responsiveness’ in which ethics is never final but rather always ‹to come’, is investigated. In such an approach the ethical
self is understood as being continuously constituted within power/knowledge relations. Following this line, we ask how one
can become a responsible subject while also acknowledging certain limits of full responsibility. We thereby explore responsibility
as a considered but unconditional openness in response to the other. 相似文献
6.
Conceição Soares 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,81(3):545-553
In this article I will look into Corporate Legal Responsibility taking into account Levinas’s notion of infinite responsibility, as well as his understanding of ethical language. My account of Levinas’s philosophy will show that it challenges – breaking
down – deeply entrenched distinctions in the dominant strands of moral philosophy, within which the theory of individual responsibility
is embedded, such as between:(1) duty to others on the one hand and supererogation on the other; (2) perfect duty to others
on the one hand and imperfect duties to others on the other; (3) insiders and outsiders; kith and kin on the one hand and
strangers on the other; Levinas’s moral vision is an inclusive one which embraces all of humanity (at least of those present
today) irrespective of historical, linguistic, cultural differences and diversities. In other words, each has responsibilities
for and duties towards all others. Of course, one might say that there is nothing new about a universalising ethics – after
all Kantianism, liberalism as well as utilitarianism are well known instances. However, more crucially, all these traditional
moral philosophies uphold the theory of individual responsibility, which is rooted in the philosophy of individualism. Such
a philosophy can make sense only of the concept of individual moral/legal agency but not corporate agency. Therefore, in this
article I will attempt to show that the Levinasian vision is able to help us change our view with respect to corporate responsibility. 相似文献
7.
Onyeka Osuji 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,103(1):31-57
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a relatively undeveloped concept despite its increasing importance to corporations.
One difficulty is the possible inexactness of CSR. Another is the apparent reluctance by regulatory authorities and policy
makers to intervene in the area. This is largely a result of inhibitions created by traditional approaches to company law
with emphasis on shareholder protection and financial disclosure. The consequence is the stultification of independent development
of CSR by tying social issues to financial performance. This attitude might not be unconnected to the theoretical and practical
challenges in justifying CSR and defining its scope. The underlying impediment is a factual and theoretical failure to distinguish
‘instrumental’ and ‘pure’ (ethical) CSR. This article demonstrates that ethical CSR highlights the role of regulation, and
a principal stance is that regulation is neither incompatible nor irreconcilable with ethical CSR. The article argues that
cognizance of the intrinsic moral justification of ‘pure’ CSR is required for delineating the scope of CSR as well as for
clarifying the desirability and extent of its regulation. It argues that the dynamic history and visage of multinational corporate
corruption illuminates the fluidity of the regulation–CSR relationship. The current and widening backlash against transnational
corporate corruption is, arguably, a demonstration of the position that regulation and CSR are not mutually exclusive and
absolute concepts. This article submits that recognition and application of this ‘ethical’ and ‘instrumental’ CSR distinction
is fundamental to the development of CSR and resolution of connected questions of regulation. 相似文献
8.
This article reports the results of research aimed at developing and validating a multi-item scale to measure consumers’ agreement
with three main justifications for not engaging in socially responsible consumption (SRC) behaviours, namely the ‘economic
rationalist argument’ founded on the idea that the costs of SRC are greater than its benefits, the ‘economic development reality
argument’ based on the idea that ethical and moral aspirations are less important than the economic development of countries,
and the ‘government dependency argument’ grounded in the premise that government inaction demonstrates the legal character
and the banality of unethical consumption behaviours. The scale items were generated on the basis of a multi-country qualitative
study of consumers (Eckhardt et al., 2006, ‘Why Don’t Consumers Behave Ethically’. DVD Document, AGSM). The content validity
of the scale was assessed in the first study. The second study was a survey of 157 Canadian adult consumers in which the three-dimensional
scale and other scales measuring relevant concepts were administered. The survey results showed that the 28-item resulting
scale is reliable and generally behaves as one would theoretically expect. Implications for consumption ethics researchers
and policy makers are proposed. 相似文献
9.
Arun A. Iyer 《Journal of Business Ethics》2006,67(4):393-406
In this article we discuss whether it pays to invest ethically. Our aim is to examine corporate social responsibility from
philosophical, moral and practical points of views. We focus on two main issues related to ethical investments. Firstly we
discuss the moral dilemma of how capitalism has changed its shape in today’s world and from ‘blaming the business’ there is
a general attempt to use the markets to promote ethics values and corporate social responsibility. Secondly, we analyze the
growth of ethical investment funds in the UK today, and their performance, and highlight some of the institutional investors
involved in the management of ethical funds. We discuss whether ethical investments really succeed in reducing the conflict
between profit-making and social responsibility as they promise or whether they use commercial rhetoric and market mechanism
to merely sell us our own perceived values back. We conclude that the paper has a key contribution in setting the scene for
future research in an area that is evolving and of fundamental importance to companies, investors and various stakeholder
groups. 相似文献
10.
This study examined experimentally the effect of retaliation strength and accounting students’ level of moral reasoning, on
their propensity to blow the whistle (PBW) when faced with a serious wrongdoing. Fifty-one senior accounting students enrolled
in an auditing course offered by a large New Zealand university participated in the study. Participants responded to three
hypothetical whistle-blowing scenarios and completed an instrument that measured moral reasoning (Welton et al., 1994, Accounting Education. International Journal (Toronto, Ont.)
3(1), 35–50) on one of two conditions – i.e., strong or weak retaliation for whistle-blowing. Consistent with the results of
Arnold and Ponemon (1991, Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory
10, 1–15) this study found that the strength of retaliation and participants’ moral reasoning level positively affected their
PBW. Unlike results reported in Arnold and Ponemon (1991, Auditing; A Journal of Practice and Theory
10, 1–15) a significant interaction effect of moral reasoning level and retaliation on participants’ PBW was not found. However,
results showed that a participant’s gender has a significant effect on the relationship between his or her moral reasoning
level and PBW. These results support the need to improve ethical awareness through accounting education and to increase protection
for whistle-blowing (Miceli 2004, Journal of Management Inquiry
13, 364–366). Furthermore, many participants found it difficult to take a stand when serious wrongdoing is discovered. Therefore,
policymakers must exercise caution when placing heavy reliance on whistle-blowing, especially when whistle-blower protection
processes are complex and not easily accessible, and processes to facilitate whistle-blowing may vary substantially between
public and private sector organizations (Scholtens, 2003, Review of the operation of the Protected Disclosures Act 2000: Report to the Minister of State Services). 相似文献
11.
Corporate Social Responsibility for Developing Country Multinational Corporations: Lost War in Pertaining Global Competitiveness? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This article explores the conceptual and practical gap existing between the developed and developing countries in relation
to corporate social responsibility (CSR), or the North-South ‘CSR Divide’, through the analysis of possible impact on the
competitiveness of developing countries’ and economies’ SMEs and MNEs in globalization. To do so, this article first reviewed
the traditional wisdom on the concept of strategic CSR developed in the North and the role that CSR engagement can play in
corporate competitiveness, and compare with the impact on the competitive advantage of the South through the supply chains.
It points out that among the many factors that could explain the ‘CSR Divide’, the negative impact of CSR on comparative advantage
is the final resort where developing countries are reluctant and defensive toward western-style CSR. It did point out that
developing countries are changing their approaches to make CSR work in favor of their competitive position in global trade,
such as China who has started to adopt proactive approach by becoming CSR standards-setter. This article concludes with two
policy proposals that aim to bridge the CSR gap, the first is to improve CSR standard-setting participation from both sides,
and the second to search for solutions in the international investment legal framework which will define corporate obligations
in relating to CSR in a more explicit way. 相似文献
12.
Conceptualization and measurement of organizational commitment involve different dimensions that include economic, affective,
as well as moral aspects labelled in the literature as: ‘continuance’, ‘affective’ and ‘normative’ commitment. This multidimensional
framework emerges from the convergence of different research lines. Using Aristotle’s philosophical framework, that explicitly
considers the role of the will in human commitment, it is proposed a rational explanation of the existence of mentioned dimensions
in organizational commitment. Such a theoretical proposal may offer a more accurate definition of ‘affective commitment’ that
distinguishes feelings from rational judgments. The use of a philosophical explanation coherent with psychological findings
also allows the discovery of a wider moral concept of ‘normative commitment’.
Tomás F. González Cruz is Senior Lecturer in Business Administration at the University of Valencia, Spain. He earned his Bachelor’s
degree in Business Administration in Valencia University. Likewise, he has a Doctorate in Business Administration at Valencia
University. His principal research interests are: Organizational design and the way in which it is a source of sustainable
competitive advantage, ethics, leadership, resource and competence-based theory, total quality management.
Manuel Guillén is Senior Lecturer in Management, at the University of Valencia (Spain). Prof. Guillén earned his PhD in Management
with a specialization in ethics and strategic management integration. He has been Visiting Scholar at the University of St.
Thomas, Minnesota (USA); at the Notre Dame University, Indiana, USA; and guest Visiting Student at IESE Business School doctoral
program, in Barcelona. He has presented some of his research at the top conferences in the field (International Strategic
Management Society Conference, Annual Conference of the European Business Ethics Network, EBEN) and has published in business
ethics and management journals. Since 1997 teaches Business Ethics Seminaries in different Business Schools, institutions
and companies. 相似文献
13.
Rita C. Manning 《Journal of Business Ethics》1984,3(1):77-84
In this paper, I consider the claim that a corporation cannot be held to be morally responsible unless it is a person. First, I argue that this claim is ambigious. Person flags three different but related notions: metaphysical person, moral agent, moral person. I argue that, though one can make the claim that corporates are metaphysical persons, this claim is only marginally relevant to the question of corporate moral responsibility. The central question which must be answered in discussions of corporate moral responsibility is whether corporations are moral agents or moral persons. I argue that, though we can make a case for saying corporations are moral agents, they are not moral persons, and hence, we can hold them responsible. In addition, we need not treat them the way we would be obligated to treat a moral person; we needn't have the same scruples about holding a corporation morally responsible as we would a moral person.
Rita C. Manning is Lecturer at California State College, San Bernardino. She has published in Southern Journal of Philosophy and in Informal Logic. 相似文献
14.
Leo Paul Dana Robert T. Hamilton Kirsten Wick 《Journal of International Entrepreneurship》2009,7(2):79-87
This paper confirms a mapping between a taxonomy of entrepreneurs and what triggered Singaporeans to become exporters. The
study involved interviews with 47 new exporters based in Singapore. Entrepreneurs were classified as either ‘opportunity seeking’
or ‘reactive’. Export triggers were either ‘pull’, negative ‘push’, or positive ‘push’. We find that those who were opportunity
seeking at start-up were more likely to have responded to export ‘pull’ forces. It was rare indeed for a reactive founder
to have been ‘pulled’ into exporting. Among this group of entrepreneurs, ‘push’ forces dominated the decision to export. The
paper concludes with some implications for policy targeting and suggestions for further research. 相似文献
15.
Joakim Sandberg 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,101(1):143-162
A critical issue for the future growth and impact of socially responsible investment (SRI) is whether institutional investors
are legally permitted to engage in it – in particular whether it is compatible with the fiduciary duties of trustees. An ambitious
report from the United Nations Environment Programme’s Finance Initiative (UNEP FI), commonly referred to as the ‘Freshfields
report’, has recently given rise to considerable optimism on this issue among proponents of SRI. The present article puts
the arguments of the Freshfields report into some further both empirical and critical perspective, however, and suggests that
its findings do not call for very much optimism. The general argument is that while the understanding of fiduciary duty outlined
by the Freshfields report seems to allow institutional investors to at least sometimes take some social or environmental considerations into account, the support it gives for SRI is notably contingent and, furthermore,
it rules out exactly the kind of SRI which proponents of social responsibility and environmental sustainability should hold
in highest regard – proactive cases and socially effective investment strategies. If SRI is to become an important force for
corporate social responsibility through its adoption by institutional investors, then, it is suggested that legal reform is
needed. 相似文献
16.
Matthew C. Altman 《Journal of Business Ethics》2007,74(3):253-266
Kant is gaining popularity in business ethics because the categorical imperative rules out actions such as deceptive advertising
and exploitative working conditions, both of which treat people merely as means to an end. However, those who apply Kant in
this way often hold businesses themselves morally accountable, and this conception of collective responsibility contradicts
the kind of moral agency that underlies Kant’s ethics. A business has neither inclinations nor the capacity to reason, so
it lacks the conditions necessary for constraint by the moral law. Instead, corporate policies ought to be understood as analogous
to legal constraints. They may encourage or discourage certain actions, but they cannot determine a person’s maxim – which
for Kant is the focus of moral judgment. Because there is no collective intention apart from any intentions of the individual
agents who act as members of the corporation, an organization itself has no moral obligations. This poses a dilemma: either
apply the categorical imperative to the actions of particular businesspeople and surrender the notion of collective responsibility,
or apply a different moral theory to the actions of businesses themselves. Given the diffusion of responsibility in a bureaucracy,
the explanatory usefulness of collective responsibility may force business ethicists to abandon Kant’s moral philosophy. 相似文献
17.
In the wake of recent corporate scandals, this paper examines the claim made by John Boatright that business ethics, as it
is currently conceived, “rests on a mistake.” Ethics in business should not be achieved through managerial vision, discretion
or responsibility; rather, ethics should shape the design of institutions that regulate business from the outside. What ethicists
should advocate for, according to Boatright, are moral markets not moral managers. I explore the empirical and normative dimensions of his claim with special attention paid to the extent to which Boatright’s
development of the economic theory of the firm supports his position. I conclude by suggesting some reasons why moral markets
and moral management are compatible frameworks for corporate reform. 相似文献
18.
Christian Voegtlin 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,102(1):57-75
This article extends our understanding of the firm–nongovernmental organization (NGO) relationship by emphasizing the role
of language in shaping organizational behavior. It focuses on discursive and rhetorical activity through which firms and NGOs
jointly – and not always consciously – define boundaries for socially acceptable corporate behavior. It explores the discursive
legitimation struggles of a leading Finnish forest industry company StoraEnso and Greenpeace during 1985–2001 and examines
how these struggles participated in the (re)definition and institutionalization of corporate social responsibility. I find
a mixture of rational and moral struggles as a key feature of this legitimation work and show how different manifestations
of these struggles act as a central mechanism that redefines what the boundaries of corporate responsibility are in a specific
setting at a given point of time. The study illustrates how the actors’ ability to sense the public’s views contribute to
rhetorical difficulties of the industry and unintended societal consequences for the activists, and how the rational and moral
struggles build up in time to trigger changes in the actors’ sensemaking and actions. 相似文献
19.
Andrew West 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,81(1):15-25
A wide range of decision-making models have been offered to assist in making ethical decisions in the workplace. Those that
are based on normative moral frameworks typically include elements of traditional moral philosophy such as consequentialist
and/or deontological␣ethics. This paper suggests an alternative model drawing on Jean-Paul Sartre’s existentialism. Accordingly,
the model focuses on making decisions in full awareness of one’s freedom and responsibility. The steps of the model are intended
to encourage reflection of one’s projects and one’s situation and the possibility of refusing the expectations of others.
A case study involving affirmative action in South Africa is used to demonstrate the workings of the model and a number of
strengths and weaknesses are identified. Despite several weaknesses that can be raised regarding existential ethics, the model’s
success lies in the way that it reframes ethical dilemmas in terms of individual freedom and responsibility, and in its acceptance
and analysis of subjective experiences and personal situations.
Andrew West is a Lecturer in the School of Business and Economics at the South African Campus of Monash University, and a
doctoral candidate at the University of Pretoria. 相似文献
20.
Fernanda Duarte 《Journal of Business Ethics》2010,96(3):355-368
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to the duty of management to consider and respond to issues beyond the organization’s
economic and legal requirements in line with social and environmental values. However, ‘management’ is constituted by real
people responsible for routine decisions and formulation and implementation of policies. It can be said therefore that the
ethical ideals and beliefs of these individuals – in particular their personal values – play an important role in their decisions.
It is contended in this article that the personal values of managers may contribute to the creation and maintenance of ‘CSR
cultures’ in their organizations; that is, organizational cultures focused on ensuring environmental and social sustainability.
Based on an exploratory study carried out in Brazil in 2008, this article explores the perceptions of five CSR managers in
relation to the influence of their personal values on their work. The first part discusses the notion of CSR within the context
of Brazilian society, the second provides a brief literature review on the link between values and organizational cultures
and the third explores the perceptions of the participating managers, identifying the main thematic patterns that emerged
in the study. 相似文献