Consumer demand by Black Americans

This article investigates the consumption patterns of black Americans for five different commodity groups: food, housing, clothing, health care, and transportation. The black consumer’s demand for these products is hypothesized as describable by the linear expenditure system. The system allows the investigation of changing relative commodity prices and income. The system also establishes a basic consumption bundle as an estimable parameter of the system. The basic bundle allows for changes in composition due to increased product familiarity, habit formation, and emulation by black consumers. Product familiarity and habit-formation play a role in determining the black consumer’s demand for the commodities food, housing, and clothing. This demand is also partially determined by the consumer’s “emulation” of consumption standards established by society in general. The article is not a comparison study of black-white differences in consumer behavior; however, the possible existence of an emulation effect in black consumer behavior suggests an interrelation of black-white consumer welfare which might fruitfully be studied by future researchers.     

Job characteristics and the labor force participation behavior of black and white male youth

Previous work regarding the labor force participation of black and white youth has ignored the fact that they may face jobs with different characteristics, such as socioeconomic status or degree of danger. This article examines the effects that such characteristics have on the probability of participation for a sample of black and white males from the National Longitudinal Survey Youth Cohort. The results suggest that some job characteristics have a significant impact on participation, particularly socioeconomic status. The estimates presented here suggest, however, that racial differences in socioeconomic status probably explain only a small portion of the black-white male youth participation rate differential.     

闽台两地居民跨期消费行为比较研究

扩大内需,尤其是增加居民消费需求是促进中国经济社会持续较快发展的驱动力,而研究居民跨期消费行为对于如何进一步启动内需具有重大意义。通过梳理前人关于跨期消费行为的研究,分析比较福建省与台湾地区居民跨期消费行为,探讨闽台地区居民消费需求的异同点,进而提出了扩大闽台地区居民消费需求的着力点和创新点。     

Notes on implicit contracts and the racial unemployment differential

In this article the application of the implicit contract model to black-white inequality is critically evaluated. The discussion revolves around the analysis of Grossman and Trepeta, who view black employment instability as resulting in part from a higher propensity of blacks to renege on implicit contracts. That approach is shown to be theoretically implausible and empirically inconsistent with the data on quit behavior by blacks. As an alternative, a reputational model in which employers have incentives to renege on risk-shifting contracts is discussed.     

基于SEM模型的消费者品牌信任对茶叶购买行为的影响研究

通过调研获取江西省浮梁县370个茶叶消费者相关数据,基于计划行为理论和KAP理论,构建结构方程模型(SEM)实证研究品牌信任、消费认知与购买行为三者之间相互作用关系。研究表明：消费认知在品牌信任对消费意愿、购买行为作用中扮演着部分中介作用;消费意愿在品牌信任、消费认知对购买行为作用中扮演着部分中介作用;消费认知对购买行为具有主导作用,而品牌信任对消费意愿具有主导作用;消费认知对品牌信任具有正向显著影响,而购买行为对消费意愿具有正向显著影响。基于此,从增强茶叶消费者消费认知和提升茶叶消费者品牌信任两方面提出引导茶叶消费者购买行为的对策建议。     

Market reforms and consumption puzzles in China

China exhibits above average savings and below average consumption as shares of total economic activity when compared with other countries. At the same time, to create more balanced growth at home and rebalance key bilateral trade and capital flow relationships, China's leadership is trying to increase domestic demand. To complement studies that investigate the high rate of savings in China, this study focuses on the variation in consumption as a share of GDP across provinces between 1979 and 2004. Drawing on well-established consumption theories and work done on savings behavior in China, this paper develops an empirical investigation of the variables hypothesized to influence the pattern of consumption across regions.We find that the normal, economic variables have a small explanatory power if significant at all, while the key variables influencing the macro consumption share are structural, and mostly related to government behavior. For example, local government expenditure on health and education is significant and has a relatively large effect on consumption. Consistent with this we also find a positive relationship between consumption shares and the size of the state sector and the share of tax revenue in GDP. We also find some evidence that financial development has a positive effect on consumption shares. Our results suggest that in order for domestic consumption to be increased in the future, new public and private options to replace the declining security and responsibility of the prior state-dominated system will be needed.     

Race,class, and politics in the black community of Boston

Conclusion We found that there are indeed some slight differences in the electoral behavior of black voters when we separate them into high and low socio-economic areal categories based on the level of median income. These slight differences include turnout rates for primary and general elections and voter registration rates. The higher the socioeconomic status of the black electorate in Boston, the higher the turnout and registration rates for that area tended to be; however, this relationship was not found to be consistent among all the areas selected for study. Despite these differences in electoral behavior or “practices,” our areal model does not suggest any significant political schisms based on the sicioeconomic indicators used. Black voters tended to vote the same way on a number of city and state ballot questions, support the same candidates at both the city and state level, and vote the liberal preference on both issues and candidates regardless of socioeconomic background. In addition, there is some evidence that the higher a black voter is on the socioeconomic scale, the greater his or her tendency will be to vote the liberal position on various issues and candidates. Our model also suggests that black voters will tend to support black candidates regardless of some socioeconomic factors. If this model can be used as an indication of class differences in the black community, then our data show that socioeconomic criteria are not as salient as race in determining the political behavior and preferences of black voters.     

代际支持对老年人康养旅游消费行为的影响

借鉴家庭代际支持与积极心理学理论,探讨代际支持对老年人康养旅游消费行为的影响,并分析心理资本与城乡差异的作用机制。通过问卷回收湘西州183份老年人旅游消费行为数据。实证分析结果表明,家庭代际支持正向影响老年人康养旅游消费行为,心理资本在代际支持对康养旅游消费行为的影响中发挥部分中介作用,城乡差异在其中发挥负向调节作用。研究结论对于老年人康养旅游市场开发与营销具有重要指导意义。     

Racial differences in married female labor force participation behavior: An analysis using interracial marriages

Based on data from the 1980 census, three major findings emerge from this study. First, the labor force participation rate is higher for women in black-white interracial marriages than women in endogamous marriages. Second, the labor force participation rate of wives in interracial marriages, after adjusting for differences in observed personal characteristics, is approximately halfway between that of women in white homogeneous and black homogeneous marriages. Third, interracial marriages are more likely among women who are younger, Hispanic, foreign-born, more educated, previously married, and reside in the West.     

消费行为改变下的信用卡风险仿真

文章基于计算实验金融方法,结合消费者消费行为和还款意愿与还款行为的改变,构建信用卡预测模型,观察发卡行信用卡业务期末应偿信贷总额变动情况,为发卡行可能面对的持卡人消费行为及其应对措施提供改进依据。模型结果表明在持卡人的授信额度等于其月收入的条件下,且消费者在一定的触发条件下进行"高消费",当持卡人的本月刷卡额度超过以往刷卡额度均值的1.3倍时,应该引起发卡行的关注,并结合持卡人的收入和还款状态的变化,推迟或停止提高其授信额度。     

Pensions and Retirement Among Black Union Army Veterans

I examine the effects of an unearned income transfer on the retirement rates and living arrangements of black Union Army veterans. I find that blacks were more than twice as responsive as whites to income transfers in their retirement decisions and 6 to 8 times as responsive in their choice of independent living arrangements. My findings have implications for understanding racial differences in rates of retirement and independent living at the beginning of the twentieth century, the rise in retirement prior to 1930, and the subsequent convergence in black-white retirement rates and living arrangements.     

女大学生宿舍不良人际关系的心理探析与改善对策

宿舍是大学生学习和生活的主要场所,宿舍成员间相互交往与接触的密切程度是其他学生组织无法相比的,它直接影响大学生的生活、学习和身心健康。调查表明,女生宿舍关系敏感、易变,极易引发不良行为,且不良人际关系呈现出多样性、复杂性的特点,这不仅对女大学生自身的健康发展产生着不利影响,也使学生管理工作面临着新的严峻挑战。有必要分析女大学生宿舍不良人际关系产生的因素,保障女大学生身心健康地学习,并对其生活环境提出相应的改善对策。     

论符号消费与意识

有感于当今符号化消费的现实,试图剖析符号消费与消费者消费意识的关系。通过对符号消费含义的探索,以及对超市、笔记本电脑、高档商品橱窗的个案研究,探索符号消费的表现。其次,符号消费的一些幅面效应也不容忽视,并提供了一些案例供研究。     

经济转型期我国城乡居民消费结构的分析与比较

本文以扩展线性系统(ELES)模型为基础,分析了我国在经济转型期间(1996～2008年)城乡居民消费结构的变化。主要研究结果是:①城乡居民商品及服务的边际消费倾向随时间推移而下降;②城乡居民的消费行为虽有差异,但趋向较为一致;③食品支出的重要性显著降低,居民的消费结构向高级化发展;④2008年世界经济危机已对我国城乡居民的消费行为产生较大影响,但相对而言,城镇居民更为严重。     

我国农户消费行为的经济分析

众所周知,需求是拉动国民经济增长的活跃因素之一,根据凯恩斯的乘数原理,消费支出能带来国民收入和就业机会的成倍增长。中国是一个农业大国,13亿人口中就有9亿多农业人口,扩大需求理所当然要考虑如何开拓农村的消费市场,分析农业人口的消费行为及其影响因素。本文采用SPSS软件来分析影响农户消费行为的几个相关因素,并根据分析的结果提出几点参考性建议。     

Men at work. Wages and industriousness in southern Sweden 1500–1850

ABSTRACT

In his classic works on the industrious revolution, Jan de Vries argues that demand for new consumer goods trigged eighteenth century Europeans to work more. This implies that industrious behaviour and new consumption patterns were two parallel and interdependent processes that preceded the industrial revolution. However, there is an alternative explanation for any increase in labour output on household level, namely that the labourers were forced to work more to meet ends. An indication of this could be that day labourers’ relative wages decreased over time. In this article, we investigate this by studying wages from annual and casual labour in southern Sweden and compare their levels with consumption baskets.     

Can ‘Baby Bonds’ Eliminate the Racial Wealth Gap in Putative Post-Racial America?

Despite an enormous and persistent black-white wealth gap, the ascendant American narrative is one that proclaims that our society has transcended the racial divide. The proclamation often is coupled with the claim that remaining disparities are due primarily to dysfunctional behavior on the part of blacks. In such a climate it appears the only acceptable remedial social policies are those that are facially race neutral. However, even without the capacity to redistribute assets directly on the basis of race, our nation still can do so indirectly by judiciously using wealth as the standard for redistributive measures. We offer a bold progressive child development account type program that could go a long way towards eliminating the racial wealth gap.     

职业价值观视野下的员工招聘与企业文化建设

职业价值观直接影响一个人对其工作的态度和行为,而价值观的改变则是缓慢和困难的,笔者从职业价值观的视野下去探讨企业员工的招聘和中国企业文化的建设,一方面,招聘与企业价值观相匹配的员工,另一方面,建设大部分人所接受和认同的、与中国传统文化相结合的企业文化,并以中国     

心理消费对物质消费的影响探讨——来自消费者行为研究的新证据

目前有关消费者行为的研究越来越重视心理消费对物质消费的影响。文章选择了四个有关消费者的最新研究领域：消费期望、消费目标、消费流畅性和调节性匹配,重点阐述了心理消费是如何增加或者减少物质消费,从而说明心理消费在人们消费过程中的独特作用。最后分别从营销者和消费者的角度提出了针对心理消费的建议。     

第三方点评对旅游者餐饮消费行为影响研究

以餐饮消费类点评头部企业,大众点评A pp的旅游者用户作为本次问卷调查研究的主要对象,研究第三方点评App对旅游者餐饮消费行为的影响.通过研究分析可以发现,第三方点评App在较显著的程度上会对旅游者餐饮消费行为产生影响,进而影响到旅游者餐饮消费行为传播等行为.从研究结论出发,结合实际为餐饮企业提出了针对网络营销、移动营销的可行性建议,为企业打造旅游目的地网红餐饮品牌提供理论支持.