收入差距对我国经济增长的影响

经济增长和收入差距之间的相互影响,值得深入研究。伴随着我国的改革开放和经济的快速增长,居民收入差距日益拉大。如果说改革开放的早期,“允许一部分人先富起来”的政策推动了经济增长的话,那么,收入差距的进一步扩大对后来的经济增长却产生了一些不容忽视的负面影响。把收入差距控制在一个合理的范图之内应成为我国经济持续发展过程中一个重要课题。     

浅谈我国收入分配差距扩大问题

20世纪80年代末到本世纪初短短的十几年时间，我国经济呈现出持续、快速发展的大好局面，然而，基尼系数也在迅速扩大，我国居民收入分配差距呈现加速扩大趋势。文章针对我国居民收入分配差距扩大的现状、原因及缩小差距的宏观调控措施，进行了探讨。     

浅谈我国收入分配差距扩大问题

20世纪80年代末到本世纪初短短的十几年时间,我国经济呈现出持续、快速发展的大好局面,然而,基尼系数也在迅速扩大,我国居民收入分配差距呈现加速扩大趋势.文章针对我国居民收入分配差距扩大的现状、原因及缩小差距的宏观调控措施,进行了探讨.     

浅谈收入差距扩大对我国经济增长的影响

我国现阶段收入差距加速扩大，基尼系数超过了世界上很多同等发展阶段的国家，这对我国国民经济的持续稳定增长产生了一定消极影响，有必要进行治理。     

经济增长扩大城乡收入差距原因分析

结构转变、提速了经济增长,而经济增长使城乡收入出现了差距。文章通过综合分析城乡结构转变及经济增长对城乡收入差距的影响,基于相关实证分析,结果显示:国内经济增长扩大城乡收入差距存在库兹涅茨倒U型关系;城乡经济结构的转变能助于缩小城乡收入的差距;城市化发展覆盖农业化发展,实现农业现代化,提高农业收入,倡导农村剩余劳动力进城务工,缩小城乡收入差距。注重产业结构合理配置、转变经济发展方式、逐步缩小城乡收入差距。     

收入分配视角下经济增长与环境质量的关系

利用2003—2010年中国省级面板数据,将城乡收入差距的基尼系数作为衡量收入差距的指标,并将该指标作为主要的解释变量引入线性计量模型,使用主成分分析方法设计反映环境质量的综合指标,探讨了中国经济增长与环境质量之间的关系。研究结果显示:收入分配不公并不必然带来环境质量恶化,城乡收入差距与环境质量之间存在显著的负向关系;随着人均产出的上升,环境质量逐渐得到改善,"倒U型"的环境库兹涅茨曲线并不存在;地方政府对环境保护的重视程度会显著影响一个地区的环境质量。     

收入差距过大对经济增长的负效应分析

对西方经济学“收入差距有利于经济增长”的理论，必须结合我国特殊的国情环境和不同的经济发展阶段作具体的分析。收入差距过大通过引起社会平均消费倾向下降、储蓄率畸高、造成消费断层等作用机制导致我国消费总需求不足，并最终制约了经济增长。     

居民收入分配差距扩大的成因分析和对策思考

近年来 ,收入分配问题成为社会各界关注的焦点 ,导致我国居民收入差距不断扩大的原因是多方面的 ,它既是经济增长、结构调整的结果 ,也与体制改革和现存的二元经济结构有关 ;同时 ,市场经济秩序的不完善形成了大量的非规范性收入以及税收制度的调节不力均在一定程度上加剧了收入分配的不平等。过大的收入差距会给社会安定、经济发展带来严重的负面影响。面对收入差距的拉大 ,我们仍要靠发展经济、提高就业率、转移农村剩余劳动力、改变二元经济结构来解决。同时 ,还要健全市场经济体制 ,减少非正常性收入带来的不公平 ,完善税收制度和社会保障制度 ,以缓解收入分配的不平等     

收入差距与经济增长研究新动态

收入差距与经济增长之间的关系一直是经济研究中的重要问题之一, 一些新方法新理论被不断发掘,如收入差距与经济危机、收入差距和财政波动、收入差距与产出波动等。本文对该领域影响力较大的新文献进行梳理和评述,为研究收入差距和经济增长问题提供参照平台,同时也为研究和解决我国收入差距问题提供建议和参考。     

Political economy of income distribution dynamics

Income distribution varies considerably across countries; it tends to become more equal with development in some countries, but just the opposite occurs in other countries. This paper provides a theoretical investigation of the persistent differences in income distribution across countries over time. Motivated by the relationship between income distribution and public spending at different school levels for a broad range of countries over the past 30 years, the analysis centers on the role of public education where specific investments interact with political involvement by different socio-economic groups. Socio-economic groups may form lobbies to influence education policy making. The formation of lobbies is endogenous. Persistent inequality is caused by persistent lobbying efforts of the wealthy that lead to an allocation of public education spending more biased toward them.     

FDI分布对中国收入差距影响研究

改革开放以来,中国利用外资从无到有,从小到大,从单一到多元,已经形成了全方位、多层次、宽领域的格局.据国家统计局统计,截至2005年底,全国累计批准设立外商投资企业552942个,合同外资金额1万多亿美元,实际利用外资金额6224.05亿美元.外商直接投资(FDI)遍及制造业、服务业、农业、基础设施等诸多领域.目前,来华投资的国家和地区超过190个,全球最大的500家跨国公司中已有近450家在华投资,其中30多家设立了地区总部,外商投资设立的研发机构超过700家.     

Prices and income distribution in a Leontief economy

This paper reveals the socioeconomic function of prices in a fix-price output-adjusting economy. It examines how and to what extent income distribution achieved through output adjustments is governed by the levels at which prices are fixed. This is done in a Leontief system.     

Endogenous growth and income distribution

A theory of endogenous growth is based on an investment possibility function, relating the growth rate of output to the ratio of gross investment to output and the growth rate of employment as formulated originally by M. F. Scott. Consumers maximize an intertemporal utility function and producers maximize the value of the firm. The long-run rate of growth depends on consumer preferences, the exogenous growth of labor supply and the tax rate on output. The functional distribution of income is determined along with the investment ratio in the steady state. Labor market imperfections and real wage inertia induce transition processes, which are relevant for medium term growth.We are indebted to Olivier Blanchard, Casper van Ewijk, Frederick van der Ploeg, Anton van Schaik, Maurice Scott, Jacques Smulders, and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments on an earlier version. Of course, the usual disclaimer applies.     

The political economy of income comparisons and economic growth

The literature on income inequality has provided various explanations as to how income inequality can affect growth, with the emphasis on ideas such as investments in human capital, issues of occupational choice, or the redistributive policies of governments. Inequality not only has a direct effect on the distribution of consumption in an economy, but it also has a powerful effect on people's subjective sense of well being. This paper takes a novel approach by focusing on the way in which a government's choice of economic policy can be influenced by how individuals perceive themselves relative to other individuals, both within the country and in foreign countries. The chosen policy affects economic growth, with the assumption being that policies that promote growth also tend to result in more switching of individuals between income groups. We show that the government's optimal policy depends on the importance of both inside country and outside country income comparisons, the fraction of national income earned by the different income groups, the potential magnitude of economic growth, the probability of switching between income groups in the presence of growth, and the relative importance of the various income groups. The model predicts that a greater degree of inside country income comparison is bad for growth whereas more outside country comparison is good for growth.     

Measuring inequality change in an economy with income growth

This paper analyzes how to measure changes in inequality in an economy with income growth. The discussion distinguishes three stylized kinds of economic growth:

• 1.(1) high income sector enrichment,
• 2.(2) low income sector enrichment,
• 3.(3) high income sector enlargement, in which the high income sector expands and absorbs persons from the low income sector.

Th e two enrichment types pose no problem for assessing inequality change in the course of economic growth: for high income sector enrichment growth, inequality might reasonably be said to increase, whereas for low income sector enrichment, inequality might be said to decrease. These adjustments are non-controversial and non-problematical. Where problems arise is in the case of high income sector enlargement growth. In that case, the two alternative approaches have been shown in this paper to yield markedly results:

• 1.(1) The traditional inequality indices generate an inverted-U pattern of inequality. That is, inequality rises in the early stages of high income sector enlargement growth and falls thereafter.
• 2.(2) The new approach suggested here, based on axioms of gap inequality and numerical inequality, generates a U pattern of inequality. That is, inequality falls in the early stages of high income sector enlargement growth and rises thereafter.

The discrepancy between the familiar indices and the alternative approach based on axioms of gap inequality and numerical inequality bears further scrutiny. Two courses of action are possible. One might try to axiomatize inequality in ways that generate an inverted-U pattern in high income sector enlargement growth, thereby rationalizing the continued use of the usual inequality indices with the inverted-U property. Alternatively, one might retain the axioms proposed here, embed them into a more formal structure, and construct a family of inequality indices consistent with them. Others might wish to pursue the first course; I am at work on the second.     

Innovation, diffusion and the distribution of income in a Malthusian economy

Between 5000 bce and 1800, the population of the world grew 120-fold despite constraints on the total amount of land available for production. This paper develops a model linking population growth to increasing productivity driven by random innovation and diffusion. People are endowed with a set of skills obtained from their parents or neighbours, but those skills are imperfectly applied during their lifetimes. The resulting variation in productivity leads to a distribution of income and to a process of diffusion whereby high-income activities spread at the expense of low-income activities. An analytic formula is derived for the steady-state distribution of income. The model predicts that the rate of growth of population approaches an asymptotic limit, whereupon there are no scale effects. The model also predicts that if the rate of diffusion of knowledge is increased, the growth rate will increase.     

Export quality and income distribution in a small dependent economy

This paper provides a simple general equilibrium structure to analyze the two-way causation between choice of export quality by a small open economy and domestic income distribution. The important policy conclusion of our analysis is the following: When direct quality regulations are costly to impose or may not have desirable consequences for income distribution, the target level of export quality may be met through appropriate direct and indirect income redistribution policies such as wage policies or standard trade policies.     

对缩小收入差距问题的远近期思考

国际上通常使用基尼系数作为衡量一个国家或地区收入差距的重要标志。我国居民收入基尼系数不仅高于国际通行标准，也高于发达国家。收入差距扩大已经成为影响消费规模扩大、社会安定的重要因素之一。一般认为，经济发展会进一步扩大收入差距。治理并缩小收入差距应标本兼治：短期内可以依靠收入转移、完善社会保障系统等手段；从长期看，深化经济体制改革、促进经济健康稳定发展才是缩小乃至逐步消除收入差距的根本途径。