生态补偿与缓解贫困关系的研究进展

基于生态补偿项目社会公平性考虑和项目实施的客观扶贫效果,有关贫困参与者的研究成为近年来国外生态补偿研究中普遍关注的议题。本研究从生态补偿对贫困的生态环境服务提供者、购买者和未参与者的影响等3个方面回顾并分析了国内外生态补偿与缓解贫困研究的阶段成果,由此提出了中国生态补偿项目设计和实施过程中亟需改善的问题。     

农户参与生态补偿项目意愿的定量测度研究

从甘肃省陇南市农户的自身意愿出发,结合180份调查问卷,通过Logistic回归分析方法,对影响农户参与退耕还林项目意愿的因素进行分析的结果表明:调查地区的农户更多地希望补偿的多种搭配方式,而非单一的资金和实物补偿;陇南市贫困地区农户的人力资本和物质资本每增加一个单位,农户参与退耕还林项目的可能性比不参与的可能性分别增加0.22和0.14,并据此提出了今后在该类区域生态补偿项目中亟需改善的问题。     

长三角地区公众森林环境服务付费意识的调查

采用分层等距抽样技术,并利用SPSS软件对在长三角地区发放的旨在调查公众对森林环境服务付费意识的600份问卷(其中有效问卷551份)进行统计后获知:⑴公众对森林生态旅游服务收费的认可程度最高,其次是水文服务,而对生物多样性和固碳服务的支付意愿最低;⑵直接影响公众付费意识高低的因素包括:家庭收入、公众对自己从森林环境服务中受益程度的认识、公众对森林环境服务所具有的道德责任感等;⑶公众对森林环境服务重要性的认识、对森林环境服务收费的态度、森林环境服务的作用范围则间接地影响了其支付意愿的大小。因此要注重把森林环境服务保护的重要性与公众的切身利益相连,增强公众的受益感,加强环境伦理道德的建设以提高公众的支付意愿。     

全球视角下的森林生态补偿理论和实践——国际经验与发展趋势

综合介绍和比较国际上主要森林生态补偿方式。重点通过各种森林生态补偿案例分析各种补偿方式的支付工具、参与主体、定价机制、应用中的优势和存在的问题。最后对森林生态补偿方式的发展趋势进行了分析,并且对未来的研究方向进行了探讨。     

Efficiency Wages, Deferred Payments, and Direct Incentives in Agriculture

Empirical evidence from agricultural labor markets is consistent with efficiency–wage theory and inconsistent with several alternative explanations. According to this theory, the higher wage or deferred payment (benefits) that direct–hire growers pay relative to that of farm labor contractors is an efficiency wage. Growers use this extra compensation to lower their monitoring expenses and reduce shirking by workers.     

Evaluating how we evaluate success: Monitoring,evaluation and adaptive management in Payments for Watershed Services programs

Payments for Watershed Services (PWS) programs have become an increasingly popular policy mechanism both in the U.S. and abroad. These programs are used to meet a variety of objectives, including improving the quality and quantity of water supplies, protecting endangered species, and advancing rural livelihoods. Monitoring, evaluation and adaptive management are important for filling fundamental knowledge gaps and improving the efficacy of PWS on the ground. However, relatively little work has evaluated how programs themselves monitor and evaluate their impacts and whether adaptive management is utilized. Here, we seek to improve understanding of the factors that contribute to the adoption of monitoring, evaluation and adaptive management practices through a literature review and a survey of PWS programs. Based on qualitative and logistic regression analyses, financial, technical and institutional capacity and leveraging broad stakeholder coalitions emerged as important factors contributing to systematic PWS monitoring, evaluation and adaptive management. This research underscores the importance of investing additional resources to support such capacity and coalition- building in PWS to ensure programs can meet their desired objectives.     

Agriculture Under the Public Eye: Who Cares for What

Agriculture Under the Public Eye: Who Cares for What? The new CAP is becoming geared towards a more sustainable agriculture that takes account of the needs of future generations. Achieving sustainability, however, means meeting three challenges-, (a) profit - strengthening the viability and competitiveness of the agricultural sector; (b) planet - the ecological challenge of promoting good environmental practices; and (c) people-the social challenge to improve the living conditions and economic opportunities in rural areas. In the food chain we see responses to consumer concerns about food safety, quality and welfare issues through the development and implementation of mandatory and voluntary quality control and assurance schemes. And the consolidation and internationalisation of the food retailing and the manufacturing industry is expected to continue. An important duality has emerged. On the one side, we find a state system of regulation, on the other a system of self-regulation, largely driven by the major forces in supply chain management, the food retailers in particular. A simple and effective regulatory environment for the agri-food complex is essential if we are to achieve our competitiveness goals. One of the priorities for discussion by politicians, therefore, should be whether current and expected policy and industry developments should lead to a review of the balance between markets and government, ‘who cares for what?’ l'agriculture aux yeux des politiques publiques qui doit faire quoi? La nouvelle PAC est maintenant bien orientée vers une agriculture plus durable, en mesure de tenir compte des besoins des générations futures. Une véritable durabilityé suppose cependant que soient relevés trois défis: a) le profit - renforcer la viabilityé et la compétitivité du secteur agricole; b) la planète - le défiécologique de promouvoir des pratiques favorables à l'environnement; c) les gens - le défi social d'améliorer les conditions de vie et les opportunités économiques dans les zones rurales. Du côté des filières alimentaires, la réponse à trouver aux inquiétudes des consommateurs vis à vis de la qualityé sanitaire et organoleptique des produits devrait pouvoir venir de l'élaboration de contrôles de qualityé et de systèmes d'assurances, à appliquer sur la base du volontariat ou à rendre obligatoires. En même temps, il faut s'attendre à la continuation du mouvement vers l'affermissement du rôle des industries alimentaires et du commerce de détail, ainsi qu'à leur internationalisation. Un système dual vient d'émerger: d'un côté, un système de réglementations étatiques, de l'autre, une autodiscipline, pilotée par les plus solides des maillons de la filière, en particulier les grandes surfaces. Un environnement réglementaire à la fois simple et efficace est essentiel pour atteindre l'objectif de compétitivité du complexe agroalimentaire, II en résulte que, pour les pouvoirs publics, une des grandes questions à discuter est de savoir dans quelle mesure l' évolution des conditions politiques et celle du développement industriel imposent une révision de l'équilibre actuel entre les marchés et les autorités gouvernementales; en d'autres termes, qui doit faire quoi ? Landwirtschaft in der öffentlichen Meinung; Wer ist wofür zuständig? Die neue GAP wird gerade auf eine nachhaltigere Landwirtschaft hin ausgerichtet, welche die Bedürfnisse der kommenden Generationen berücksichtigt. Nachhaltigkeit kann jedoch nur erzielt werden, wenn den folgenden drei Herausforderungen Rechnung getragen wird: (a) Ökonomie – Stärkung der Leistungs- und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Landwirtschaftssektors; (b) Ökologie – Förderung umweltgerechter Verfahrensweisen; und (c) Soziales - Verbesserung der Lebensbedingungen und der wirtschaftlichen Lage im ländlichen Raum. Im Bereich der Nahrungsmittelkette wird den Bedenken der Verbraucher hinsichtlich der Nahrun gsmittelsicherheit, der Qualität und der Wohlfahrt durch die Entwicklung und Implementierung von obligatorischen und freiwilligen Qualitätskontrollen und Sicherheitsprogrammen Rechnung getragen. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass sich die Konsolidierung und Lnternationalisierung im Bereich des Lebensmitteleinzel-handels und der weiterverarbeitenden Industrie fortsetzen wird. Es ist eine bedeutsame Dualität entstanden. Auf der einen Seite erfolgt eine Regulierung seitens des Staates, auf der anderen Seite erfolgt eine Selbstregulierung durch die Vermarktungskette, insbesondere durch den Lebensmitteleinzelhandel. Eine sowohl einfache als auch wirksame Regulierung der Agrar- und Ernährungswirtschaft ist von grundlegender Bedeutung für das Erreichen unserer Wettbewerbsziele. Daher sollte in der Politik mit Priorität diskutiert werden, ob die gegenwärtige und zukünftige Politik und auch die industrielle Entwicklung zu einem neuen Gleichgewicht zwischen Markt und Staatseingriffen führen sollte: Wer ist wofür zuständig?     

The Environmental Impact of European Farming: How Legitimate Are Agri-Environmental Payments?

Offering agri-environmental payments to address the various positive and negative environmental nonmarket effects of European Union agriculture might be an efficient way of dealing with market imperfections. However, the complex interaction between farming practices and agri-environmental effects makes it difficult to assess what level of payments is justified under World Trade Organization's Green Box provisions. In reviewing the literature on positive and negative externalities of European farming on the environment, we find evidence to suggest that paying for agri-environmental improvements may be appropriate under the Green Box provisions, even if the payments have a positive production effect.     

Auctions as a Means of Creating a Market for Public Goods from Agriculture

The paper looks at the possibility of creating a market for environmental goods and services in the countryside by awarding conservation contracts to farmers on the basis of competitive bidding. Auctions have several theoretical advantages over alternative allocation mechanisms (such as standard-rate payments) because they allow the participants to deal with informational asymmetries and the uncertainty about the value of the (non-market) goods being traded. A formal model of bidding behaviour in ‘green auctions’ shows that bidding strategies are determined by the individual farmers' costs of implementing the conservation contracts and their beliefs about the maximum acceptable payment level, making the auction an imperfect cost revelation mechanism. Auctions can reduce the information rents accruing to farmers and can increase the cost-effectiveness of public goods provision. Strategic bidding behaviour in multiple-signup auctions as well as high transaction costs are potential sources of reduced efficiency.     

农业社会化服务供求结构差异的比较与分析——基于农业社会化服务供求现状的调查与思考

本文以对99个村297个农户的抽样调查数据为基础,分析当前农户最迫切需要的社会化服务项目、服务供给状况以及农业社会化服务供求的结构差异,并提出未来农业社会化服务体系建设的重点。     

Energy and Non-Energy Input Substitution Possibilities and Output Scale Effects in Canadian Agriculture

A generalized Leontief cost function was used to investigate energy and non-energy input substitution possibilities and output scale effects on factor demand in Canadian agriculture. Results suggest that (1) substitution possibilities exist between energy and non-energy inputs, and energy and energy-based inputs appear to be complements; (2) labor is the best substitute for energy inputs, followed by land and other intermediate inputs; and (3) the output scale has significant effect in reducing production costs and decreasing the responsiveness of input to price changes. These findings indicate that an effective energy conservation measure would be the encouragement of production practices oriented to use more labor and land intensive techniques rather than using more agricultural chemicals for reducing cultivation practices. On a utilisé une fonction de coút Léontief généralisée pour examiner d'une part les possibilitiés de substituer entrées énergétiques el non énergétiques et d'autre part les effets d'échelle de sortie sur la demande factorielle dans l'agriculture canadienne. Les résultats suggérent que: (1) il est possible de substituer entrées énergétiques et non énergétiques; les entrées énergétiques et celles basées sur l'énergie semblent complémentaires, (2) la main-d'oeuvre est le meilleur substitut aux entrées énergétiques; viennent ensuite la terre et autres entrees intermédiares, et (3) l'échelle de sortie joue un rǒle déterminant dans la réduction des coúts de production et dans une sensibilité plus petite des entrées aux changements de prix. Ces découvertes indiquent qu'une mesure efficace pour conserver l'énergie serait, plutǒl que d'utiliser davantage de produits chimiques agricoles, d'encourager les pratiques de production basée sur la main-d'oeuvre et l'utilisation intensive de la terre.     

试论政府的公共服务与农民工的社会保障——基于四川省成都市农民工劳动纠纷案件调查数据的思考

本文通过对四川成都市农民工劳动纠纷案卷的调查,以第一手数据为素材,表明农民工由于身处异乡,文化不高,生存能力较差,在城镇生存易受的各种侵害相比城镇职工来说,比例要大得多,如果不能及时解决,将对城镇乃至社会的稳定产生消极的影响。文章通过分析指出,要从根本上解决农民工这一弱势群体的社会保障问题,必须在政府提供公共服务上苦下功夫,通过政府以制度、法规的形式实施,合理地调配各种资源,在完善的法律体制下使农民工在城镇建设中得到充分的社会保障。     

构建城乡统筹的公共服务机制与推进公共服务均等化

通过对公共服务均等化内涵和外延的深入探讨,本文指出;公共服务均等化在化解社会矛盾、实现政府职能转变、引导资源合理配置和促进社会全面发展等方面具有重大现实意义.并基于国内外在公共服务均等化方面的实践,探讨了建立统筹城乡的公共服务机制,为推进公共服务均等化构建城乡统筹的公共服务机制提供了新思路和新想法.     

论环境公益诉讼机制的构建

没有救济就没权利,为了维护公共环境利益,保护公民环境权,有必要对传统民事诉讼进行补充和修正,扩大环境民事诉讼起诉主体资格和受案范围,建立环保法庭,确立新的赔偿原则和范围,以构建具有中国特色的环境公益诉讼制度。     

Can Direct Payments Facilitate Agricultural Commercialisation: Evidence from a Transition Country

We investigate the impact of direct payments on agricultural commercialisation in Kosovo. Kosovo is one of the poorest countries in Europe but, with European assistance, provides substantial funds to support agriculture, made up of many small and often semi‐subsistence farms. Thus, the effect of this support is a central policy issue. Identifying the effect of direct payments on market participation faces endogeneity issues arising from the possible simultaneous determination of participation in support programmes and market participation. In order to achieve proper identification of the endogenous direct payments, we use a strategy of targeted identification search that employs several different methodological approaches. We find that direct payments for fruit and vegetables, and those for cereals and oilseeds have a positive effect on market participation. However, we cannot identify any definite effect of livestock payments.     

Decoupled Farm Payments and Expectations for Base Updating

The degree to which U.S. farm programs are decoupled from production has been a central issue in recent trade disputes. Several authors have suggested producer expectations for base acreage and yield updating in future farm bills create an incentive to alter planting and input decisions. This article reports analysis of the subjective expectations of producers for base updating and an analysis of the effect these expectations have on producer willingness to accept a buyout of the right to update. On average, producers think the chances of updating in the next farm bill are about 40%, but less than 17% indicate adjusting acreage or yields in anticipation of updating.     

现代农业生物技术与政府管理:一个研究综述

本文考察了目前国内外现代农业生物技术与政府管理方面的研究进展，主要涉及现代农业生物技术的经济福利分析、各利益相关者的行为和态度分析、农业转基因生物安全性管理、与现代农业生物技术相关的知识产权和公共投资、转基因农产品国际贸易等方面，并在此基础上提出了现代农业生物技术全面创新管理的思想。